Systems and Methods For Monitoring and Tracking

ABSTRACT

The present invention generally relates to systems, methods and applications utilizing the convergence of any combination of the following three technologies: wireless positioning or localization technology, wireless communications technology and sensor technology. In particular, certain embodiments of the present invention relate to a remote device that includes a sensor for determining or measuring a desired parameter, a receiver for receiving position data from the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite system, a processor for determining whether or not alert conditions are present and a wireless transceiver for transmitting the measured parameter data and the position data to a central station, such as an application service provider (ASP). The ASP, in turn, may communicate the measured data, position data and notification of any alerts to an end user via an alert device. The present invention also relates to various applications and systems utilizing the capabilities of such a device.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of co-pending U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/959,421, which is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 10/169,477, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,847,892, which is the NationalStage of International Application Number PCT/US01/48539, filed on Oct.29, 2001, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent ApplicationSer. No. 60/243,915, filed on Oct. 27, 2000, which InternationalApplication is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent ApplicationSer. No. 60/250,347, filed on Nov. 30, 2000, which InternationalApplication is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/813,477, filed on Mar. 21, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No.6,559,620, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/608,095, filed on Jun. 30, 2000, now abandoned, which InternationalApplication is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 09/820,551, filed on Mar. 29, 2001, which is a continuation ofU.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/608,913, filed on Jun. 30, 2000, nowabandoned, all of the foregoing applications being incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

In general, the present invention relates to systems and methods formonitoring and tracking individuals and objects and to businessapplications utilizing such systems and methods.

2. Description of Related Art

Various systems for localizing and sensing animate and inanimate objectsare known in the art. Such systems, however, are generally inflexibleand inefficient. More specifically, existing systems suffer from beingincapable of being efficiently utilized for multiple businessapplication having different types of remote monitoring needs anddevices. Furthermore, many such systems are generally incapable ofgenerating alert messages based on both simple and complex alertparameters. As such, there exists a need for improved localization andsensing system having a flexible structure.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention satisfies the foregoing and other needs.Embodiments of the invention generally relate to systems, methods andapplications utilizing the convergence of any combination of thefollowing three technologies: wireless positioning or localizationtechnology, wireless communications technology and sensor technology. Inparticular, certain embodiments of the present invention relate to aremote device that includes a sensor for determining or measuring adesired parameter, a receiver for receiving position data from theGlobal Positioning System (GPS) satellite system, a processor fordetermining whether or not one or more alert conditions are satisfiedand a wireless transceiver for transmitting the measured parameter dataand the position data to a central station, such as an applicationservice provider (ASP). The ASP, in turn, may communicate the measureddata, position data and notification of any alerts to an end user via analert device. The present invention also relates to variousapplications, systems and methods utilizing one or more of thecapabilities of such a device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a general schematic overview of a system according to oneembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic of a Remote Localization and Sensing Device,according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustrating a platform database according to oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is schematic overview illustrating the logical conceptualhierarchy of software components of a Middle Tier according to oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 5 a and 5 b are an architectural schematic and a flow chart,respectively, illustrating the process of user registration according toone embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 6 a and 6 b are an architectural schematic and flow chart,respectively, illustrating the process of receiving incoming data at theback end of a system according to one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 7 a and 7 b are an architectural and schematic and a flow chart,respectively, illustrating the process of sending outgoing data from theback end of a system according to one embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIGS. 8 a-e are schematic and tables setting forth the protocol ofmessage packets between the ASP and a Device according to one embodimentof the present invention.

FIGS. 9 a-n illustrate exemplary sequences of messages between the ASPand a Device according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIGS. 10-18 are general schematics illustrating individual businessapplications using systems and methods of various embodiments of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Certain embodiments of the present invention will now be discussed withreference to the aforementioned figures, wherein like reference numeralsrefer to like components.

Overview

The schematic of FIG. 1 provides an overview of the components of oneembodiment of the present invention and the components' relation to eachother. In general, the system of the present embodiment collectsposition and sensor data via one or more remote localization and sensingdevices (each a “Device”) 100, stores the device data at an ApplicationService Provider (“ASP”) 200 and, via the ASP 200, makes such Deviceposition and sensor data available to one or more end users 25. Asdescribed in greater detail below, the present embodiment provides theflexibility to accommodate multiple users 25 across multipleapplications. More specifically, the system can be used to servicemultiple business applications, each having different business rules andmodels and each utilizing Devices with different configurations, sensorsand the like. Depending upon the application of the system, end users 25may be individuals, for example, caregivers monitoring patients, parentsmonitoring children and the like, and/or companies, such as commoncarriers monitoring fleets of trucks, merchants monitoring shipments,government entities monitoring individuals, companies monitoringemployees and the like. Furthermore, independent of the applications,the system can logically associate end users 25 with accounts and/orgroups of users within an account, and the system can assign differentaccess privileges to end users 25 based on such group and accountassignment.

Each Device 100, described in greater detail below, receives positiondata from a localization system, such as the Global PositioningSatellite (GPS) System 15 and sensor data from one or more types ofknown sensors. As such, the Device 100 is coupled to or associated withthe individual or object being monitored and tracked. It should beunderstood that, the present invention is not limited to any particularlocalization system or sensor. Accordingly, alternate embodimentsutilize other localization systems and technology, including, forexample, triangulation, radio frequency triangulation, dead reckoningand the like, or any combination thereof. Similarly, sensors may includethose for monitoring physiological parameters, such as heart rate, bodytemperature, brain activity, blood pressure, blood flow rate, muscularactivity, respiratory rate, and the like, and/or sensors for monitoringambient parameters, such as temperature, humidity, motion, speed,existence of particular chemicals and light. Specialized sensors, suchas inertial device-based fall detectors (for example, those utilizingone or more accelerometers) provided by Analog Devices under the tradename ADXL202, are also used. Other exemplary sensors include pulse ratesensors from Sensor Net, Inc., under Model No. ALS-230 and temperaturesensors (type NTC) from Sensor Scientific, Inc., under Model No. WM303or Model No. SP43A. Pulse rate sensors are available from Sensor NetInc., Model No. ALS-230; Infrared optical sensors are available fromProbe Inc. As described in greater detail below, the Device 100 and/orASP 200 monitor the sensor output and generate alert messages to the endusers 25 if the sensor data exceeds an alarm threshold.

In general, each Device 100 communicates the position and sensor data tothe ASP 200 through a wireless communications system 30. The systems canpotentially utilize any number of commercially available wireless datacommunications solutions available from a number of different serviceproviders. Some examples of the types of wireless data communicationsinterfaces that may be used include: Cellular Digital Packet Data(CDPD), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Digital, CodeDivision Multiple Access (CDMA), and digital data transmission protocolsassociated with any of the ‘G’ cellular telephone standards (e.g., 2.5Gor 3G). In the present embodiment, the system uses CDPD as thecommunication technology and user datagram protocol (UDP) with Internetprotocol (IP) as the transmission protocol, although other protocols maybe used such as transmission control protocol (TCP). As such, and asdescribed in greater detail below, the Device 100 is assigned an IPaddress. In the present embodiment, the wireless communication system 30passes the data to a wired communication network 35, such as theInternet, with which the ASP 200 is in communication. As describedbelow, the communication system 30 and communication network 35 providefor two-way communication between the Device 100 and ASP 200.

The position and sensor data is preferably stored at an ApplicationService Provider (“ASP”) 200, which serves as an intermediary betweenthe Devices 100 and end users 25. As such, end users 25 are able tomonitor the instantaneous and historical position and sensor data forone or more Devices 100. ASP 200, described in greater detail below,receives the position and sensor data from the communication system 35and serves as a link between the device data and the end users 25 of thesystem. In general, ASP 200 comprises one or more servers (e.g., webserver(s), application server(s), electronic mail server(s) and/ordatabase server(s)) and one or more platform databases (PD) 300. ASP 200provides end users 25 the ability to access the device data, specifyalert threshold values for comparison to measured sensor values andreceive notifications from the ASP 200. For example, in the event ameasured sensor value exceeds an alert threshold, the ASP 200 notifiesthe appropriate end user 25. End users 25 receive such alerts throughany number of alert devices (“Alert Devices”), such as a cellulartelephone, telephone, pager, WAP enabled cellular telephones, PersonalDigital Assistants (PDAs), computer or other devices having electronicmail, Short Message Service (SMS) messages, or Instant Messages (IM)capability, fax, computer generated voice phone calls/voicemail, ormessages sent to a Call Management Center, which will generate a humanphone call to alert the user 25, such as the caregiver of an Alzheimerpatient or the parent of a child.

In the present embodiment, end users 25 access device data, specifyalert thresholds, and access account information through a user device,such as a computer, WAP enabled cellular telephone, a PDA or otherdevice including those identified as possible Alert Devices. In thepresent embodiment, the user interface device is a computer coupled tothe Internet for accessing a secure website provided by ASP 200 on thecommunication network 35. The user interface device may be the AlertDevice. End users 25 who do not have direct access to the communicationnetwork 35, can also access the device data and specify alert thresholdvalues using conventional telephone communication networks to contact acentral Call Management Center (CMC) 40 that is staffed with personnelthat can access the ASP 200 via the communication network 35 or othernetworks, such as a wide area network (WAN), a local area network (LAN)or the like. The CMC 40 may also include a computerized, automatedresponse system allowing end users 25 to call in and receive devicedata, alerts and other system information. The ASP 200 can forward amessage to the CMC 40 whenever an alert, as described in greater detailbelow, is generated. This information can be used by personnel at theCMC 40 to respond to inquiries from end users 25 who may call the CMC 40for additional information beyond the basic message generated by theASP's automatic notification system. The personnel at the CMC 40 wouldalso be available for users who have difficulty accessing or using thesystem Website, described in greater detail below, to configure theDevice 100. The CMC 40 will also be charged with fielding phone callsfrom users responding to alerts. In addition, the CMC 40 willproactively call users to verify changes that have been suggested totheir alert parameters that may generate a large number of spuriousalerts. In an alternate embodiment, if users do not have access to theInternet or to a CMC 40, an automated telephone system hotline will beavailable to obtain real-time data after PIN verification.

The System may potentially implement a number of different securitymeasures to safeguard the personal location and sensor data of users 25and location of Devices 100, to prevent illicit commands from maliciousthird parties and to secure the data stream from potential interlopers.The data channel itself, since it may use standard UDP/IP or TCP/IPprotocols, can be protected using a number of commercially availableschemes including Secure Socket Layer (SSL) encryption for the datastream between the Device 100 and the ASP 200. The raw data itself maybe further encrypted by the Device 100 and/or ASP 200 in addition to theSSL as well. Embedding additional encryption and device/serveridentification techniques into the ASP 200, Devices 100 and/or userinterface devices can enable further protection.

Device

FIG. 2 a illustrates components of the Device 100 according to thepresent embodiment of the invention. In general, the Device 100 of thepresent embodiment comprises two separate components: the firstcomponent 202, for example a watch unit, comprises, for example, atleast one sensor for monitoring the person or thing being tracked, andthe second component 204, for example, a “belt” communication unit (socalled because it may be designed for an individual to wear on herbelt), for communicating with the watch unit 202 via short-range radiofrequency (RF), Blue Tooth or other known technology, and forcommunicating with the ASP 200.

In a preferred embodiment, the watch unit 202 comprises a microprocessor(mp), having a system clock (CLK), which is programmed to operate inaccordance with the discussion herein: Coupled to the microprocessor areone or more sensors (S₁, S₂, S_(n)), for receiving physiological orambient readings, random access memory (RAM) for temporarily storing themeasured sensor readings, and a radio frequency transceiver (RF) andantenna for communicating with the belt unit 204. The watch unit 202 ispowered by a battery (BAT).

In a preferred embodiment the belt unit 204 also comprises amicroprocessor (up), having a clock (CLK), which is programmed tooperate as described herein. Such programming may be stored in read onlymemory (ROM) coupled to the microprocessor. In alternate embodiments thefunctionality of the belt (and/or watch) unit 204 is effectuated infirmware. The belt unit 204 may also include one or more sensors (S₁,S₂, S_(n)) for collecting data. In the present embodiment, belt unit 204includes a fall-down sensor comprising a two-axis accelerometer, theoutput of which is interpreted by the belt unit's microprocessor.Tri-axis accelerometers are also envisioned. In general, theaccelerometer output indicates a fall (or sudden change in posture) whenbased on the user's sudden change in acceleration and suddendeceleration or stop.

As with the watch unit 202, the belt unit 204 also includes a randomaccess memory (RAM) for temporary storage of data, including alertthreshold values.

A GPS receiver (GPS REC), having a patch or other suitable antenna, iscoupled to the microprocessor. The GPS REC receives the GPS satellitesignals, which in a preferred embodiment are interpreted by themicroprocessor to determine the longitudinal and latitudinal coordinatesof the belt unit 204. In an alternative embodiment, the GPS satellitesignals may be interpreted at the ASP level for determining thelongitudinal and latitudinal coordinates of the belt unit 204.

Also coupled to the belt unit is a wearer interface (INTERFACE) forconveying information to and receiving inputs from the wearer or user ofthe Device 100. For example, in a preferred embodiment, the INTERFACEincludes a power switch, a panic or emergency button and light emittingdiodes (LEDS) and/or an audible alarm and/or vibrating alarm. Asdescribed in greater detail, below, the panic button causes the sensorand GPS position data to be sent to the ASP 200. In an alternateembodiment, the Device 100 includes a privacy button which causes themicroprocessor to deactivate one or more predefined sensors. The LEDsprovide indication of the status of the device; for example, on/off,functioning properly, sensor(s) enabled/disabled, malfunction, and thelike.

Lastly, in a preferred embodiment, the belt unit 204 includes acommunication interface (CI), such as a serial port, for receivingupdates of software and data, and a wireless communication modem(MODEM), having an antenna, for communicating with the ASP 200 via theUDP protocol. As discussed herein, the UDP MODEM has associated with itan IP address for identifying the Device 100.

As described in greater detail below, the watch unit 202 acquires thesensor readings and transmits them via RF to the belt unit 204 where themicroprocessor analyzes the sensor readings (including that of anysensor on the belt unit 204). The microprocessor on the belt unit 204also receives the GPS signals and determines the position data of thebelt unit 204.

Based on the state of the Device 100 and the requests received from theASP 200, the belt unit 204 will determine whether or not the sensorreadings trigger an alarm and/or read the position and sensor data backto the ASP 200 via the modem.

In one embodiment, the belt unit and/or the watch unit processormonitors the separation distance between the “watch” and “belt” units bymonitoring the total power of the RF transmission signal from the“watch” to the “belt” unit. When the total power of the signal dropsbelow a present value, the belt unit will then trigger an alert—to boththe Device 100 (e.g., visual, audible or tactile) and to an Alert Devicevia the ASP 200- to notify wearer of the separation of the two units.The mounting of the watch unit 210 to the wearer must be snug enough toobtain useful physiological data and durable enough not to be easilyremoved, while still being comfortable enough for long-term use. Anembodiment of the invention contemplates the use of a semi-permanent,elastic band for the watch unit.

It should be understood that use of the foregoing terms “watch” and“belt” are descriptive of merely one embodiment or use of the Device ofFIG. 2 a. For example, the watch unit may be placed inside a containerof goods with a radio frequency or other wireless or wired communicationlink to the belt unit, which may be mounted in any suitable location,such as in the cab of a truck transporting the container. Furthermore,the specific sub-components of the Device 100 of FIG. 2 a are merelyexemplary, and the division of sub-NY components and functionalitybetween the watch and belt units may be altered; for example, allsensors may be placed on one component, the GPS receiver may be placedon the watch unit, the watch unit microprocessor could analyze thesensor data to determine whether or not an alert threshold has beenexceeded, the watch unit may have the wearer/user interface, and variousother modifications are within the scope of the present invention.

In this regard, FIG. 2 b illustrates an alternate embodiment of theinvention wherein the Device is a single component comprising amicrochip 210, a transceiver 220, a receiver 250, a battery 230, and atleast one sensor 240.

The microchip 210 includes a processing unit 260 and an informationstorage device 270. Although FIG. 2 a illustrates some parts included onthe microchip 210 and some parts coupled to the microchip 210, one ofordinary skill in the art understands, and the present inventioncontemplates, that different levels of integration may be achieved byintegrating any of the coupled parts as illustrated in FIG. 2 b onto themicrochip 210.

In an embodiment according to the present invention, the battery 230,the at least one sensor 240, the transceiver 220, and the GPS receiver250 are each coupled to the processing unit 260 within the microchip210. The processing unit 260 is, in turn, coupled to the informationstorage device 270, also within the microchip 210. The battery 230powers the microchip 210, including the processing unit 260 and theinformation storage device 270. The battery 230 may also power directlyor indirectly the transceiver 220, the at least one sensor 240 and thereceiver 250. The battery 230 may be a rechargeable (e.g.,self-rechargeable) or a single-charge power supply device.

Where a self-rechargeable battery is used, the battery 230 may berecharged by energy sources internal to a body of the person beingmonitored. Such energy sources may be, for example, acoustic,mechanical, chemical, electrical, electromagnetic or thermal in natureas derived from, for example, bodily temperature differences, muscleactivity and vibrations due to pulse, speaking, moving, breathing, etc.In other embodiments where the battery is self-rechargeable, the battery230 is recharged by energy sources external to the body of the personbeing monitored. Such energy sources may be, for example, acoustic,mechanical, chemical, electrical, electromagnetic, or thermal in natureas derived from, for example, temperature differences between theambient and the body, vibrations due to ambient noise, ambient light, oran external device providing energy for the rechargeable battery 230.

In the present embodiment of the invention, the transceiver 220 isadapted to be in two-way wireless communication with the ASP 200 throughthe communication network 35, such as the Internet, and in one-waywireless communication with the GPS satellite 130. The transceiver 220may have a single antenna or an antenna array, for example.

While the transceiver 220 is in two-way wireless communication with theASP 200 through the communication network 35, the receiver 250 is inone-way wireless communication with the GPS system satellite 130. Theuse of the transceiver 220 and the receiver 250 may be advantageous inthat the Device 100 may generally consume less energy. GPS frequenciestend to be relatively high and sending information over such frequenciesby the Device 100 via the transceiver 220 can be energy intensive. Thispreferred embodiment contemplates the receiver 250 being adapted forreceiving at high frequencies and the transceiver 220 being adapted forreceiving and sending at lower frequencies. The sending of informationover lower frequencies by the transceiver 220 results in less energyconsumption by the Device 100. This two-part configuration allowsphysical environment sensor packages to be reduced in size and mountedin otherwise GPS signal or mobile wireless data transmission unfriendlyenvironments. For example, a remote sensing unit can be placed insidethe steel walls of a cargo container to gather environmental informationon the cargo while the unit with the wireless interface and the GPSreceiver 250 can be placed outside the container for superior signalperformance. An alternate embodiment of the invention omits a separatereceiver and contains only a transceiver that receives both sensor datafrom the at least one sensor 240 and/or position data from the GPSsatellites 130.

The microchip 210 includes the processing unit 260 and the informationstorage device 270. The processing unit 260 may include, for example, amicroprocessor, a cache, input terminals, and output terminals. Theprocessing unit 260 may include an information storage device 270, whichincludes an electronic memory, which may or may not include the cache ofthe processing unit 260. Similar configurations of the processing unit260 are contemplated by the invention.

In operation, the GPS receiver 250 receives position data from the GPSsatellites 130. The GPS data is received by the microchip 210 and inparticular, the processing unit 260. Although the GPS receiver 250continuously receives position data, the processing unit 260 mayperiodically (e.g., via a time-based trigger), or on command (e.g., viamanual intervention or as a function of circumstance, for example, thesensing of a particular biological or ambient condition) receive the GPSdata. The GPS data may then be processed in the processing unit 260,which may include determining the physical location of the Device 100and thus, the person or object being monitored. The GPS data and/or thedetermined physical location are stored in the information storagedevice 270.

The at least one sensor 240 senses biological and/or ambient parameters.These parameters are converted into electrical signals by the at leastone sensor 240 and received by the processing unit 260. As described indetail below, the sensing of parameters by the at least one sensor 240may be a periodic (e.g., time based) or on command (e.g., triggered by arequest from the processing unit 260 or as a function of circumstance,for example, the sensing of a particular parameter). The processing unit260 stores the processed and/or unprocessed electrical signals in theinformation storage device 270. The transceiver 220 receives theinterrogation signal, for example, from the ASP 200. The transceiver 220then sends the interrogation signal to the microchip 210, in particular,to the processing unit 260. Upon receiving the interrogation signal, theprocessing unit 260 uploads the information stored in the informationstorage device 270 onto the transceiver 220. The transceiver then sendsthe uploaded information to the ASP 200 via the communication network35, such as the Internet, and the wireless communication system 30.

As mentioned above, the ASP 200 ultimately receives the informationwhere it is available for review by a qualified person or analyzed viaan automated process. If the information is indicative of a condition inneed of a response, a response signal is sent by the qualified person orvia the automated process from the ASP 200 to the Device 100 via thecommunication network 35 such as the Internet. The processing unit 260receives the response signal either via the transceiver 220 or the GPSreceiver 250. The processing unit 260 processes the response signal andoptionally, information retrieved from the information storage device270 to formulate a control signal. Information regarding the generationof the control signal may be a function of information supplied by atleast one of the response signal and the information storage device 270.

For example, the system and the method according to the presentinvention may be adapted to monitor and to respond to the personsuffering an asthma attack. The Device 100 monitors biologicalparameters such as blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and/orlung capacity. Information related to the biological parameters is sentto the ASP 200 as described above.

The information storage device 270 may store preset information relatingto identification, personal information or special medical information,for example. This information may have been programmed before thecoupling of the Device 100 to the person. Alternatively, the informationmay have been transmitted to the Device 100 after the Device 100 wascoupled to the person. Such information may include the person's name,home address, phone number and/or a listing of relatives to contact incase of emergency. Furthermore, the information permanently stored inthe Device 100 may relate to special medical information such asallergies to medication or that the patient is diabetic or asthmatic,for example. All of this information may be uploaded onto thetransceiver 220 and transmitted to the ASP 200 for review and analysis.Such information may be of special significance to medical personnelwhen the person is disoriented or unconscious and unable to communicate.

Incorporating updateable firmware in the Device 100 allows it to beupdated without a recall of the physical Device 100. The Device 100 maybe configured for direct user update by plugging it into a computer andrunning an update program provided. In an alternate embodiment, theDevice 100 may be updated by downloading firmware updates through awireless link. This would allow multiple Devices 100 to be updated atessentially the same time, thereby minimizing support issues andreducing required customer maintenance.

Output Unit

In yet another alternate embodiment, the Device 100 further includes acomponent for providing various forms of feedback or stimuli to aperson, animal or object via an output unit. Output units can take anyform to achieve the intended function. By way of non-limiting example,output units may take the form of syringes, electrodes, pumps, vials,injectors, drug and/or pharmaceutical or medicinal delivery mechanismsor systems, tactile stimulators, etc. Such an output unit may beintegral with the Device or a separate component in communication withthe ASP 200 and/or Device 100 by either wireless or wired communicationlink as a matter of application specific design choice.

In one such embodiment, such an output unit, which itself includes amicroprocessor or logic for interpreting commands, may be coupled to themicroprocessor of the device shown in FIG. 2 b. In such an embodiment,Device 100 may be adapted to respond to a condition of the person (oranimal, etc.) via an output unit. The Device 100 controls the outputunit such that the output unit provides stimuli (e.g., acoustic,thermal, mechanical, chemical, electrical and/or electromagneticstimuli) to the person. For example, the output unit may release anappropriate amount of medicine or provide electrical stimulation to amuscle. In another example, the output unit may be part of aconventional heart stimulator system that has been adapted to becontrolled by the Device 100 and to provide electrical stimulation tothe heart of the person 100.

Alternatively, in an embodiment according to the present invention inwhich the output unit is partially or wholly integrated into the Device100, it is the Device 100 which provides the stimuli via the output unitwhich acts as an interface between the Device 100 and the person. Forexample, the Device 100 may be directly coupled to the heart of theperson 100. Accordingly, the Device 100 may directly provide electricalstimulation to the heart via its interface (e.g., via the output unit).

In light of the information received by the ASP 200, an automatic,semi-automatic or manual response may be needed. For example, uponreviewing the information received by the ASP 200, a doctor may diagnosea condition and/or a substantial deviation in a biological parameter ofthe person and authorize the activation of a medical response.Alternatively, after analyzing the information received by the ASP 200,a program being run by the ASP 200 may ascertain a particular condition(e.g., myocardial infarction) and/or an above-threshold deviation in abiological parameter (e.g., substantial restriction in blood flow) ofthe person and authorize the activation of a medical response (e.g., therelease of nitroglycerin into the body of the person). Then, a responsesignal is generated by the ASP 200 and provided to the Device 100 viathe ASP 200. In response to the response signal, the Device 100 controlsthe output unit to provide the stimulus requested via the responsesignal to the person. Alternatively, if the output unit is partially orwholly integrated into the Device 100, the Device 100 directly providesthe stimulus requested via the response signal to the person.

The output unit is adapted to be controlled by the Device 100 and, inparticular, the processing unit 260. The output unit may also bepartially or wholly integrated with the Device 100. For example, theoutput unit may be integrated wholly with the Device 100 and coupled tothe microchip 210. Alternatively, the output unit may be integratedwholly with the Device 100 and may be integrated wholly with themicrochip 210.

The output unit is further adapted to be provide stimuli (e.g.,acoustic, thermal, mechanical., chemical, electrical and/orelectromagnetic stimuli). For example, the output unit may be in contactwith a muscle or an organ. Furthermore, the output unit may be anadapted conventional device such as a pace maker or a module thatreleases chemicals (e.g., medication) into the blood stream or into thestomach, for example. The present invention also contemplates that theoutput unit may provide sensor information to the Device 100. Inaddition, the output unit may be placed on the person, on the surface ofthe skin of the person, just below the surface of the skin of theperson, deep within the body of the person, or anywhere therebetween.For example, the output unit may be adapted to be a part of anartificial body part of the person or an apparatus worn by the person(e.g., clothing, eye glasses, etc.)

The Device 100 controls the output unit via the control signal, theoutput unit providing the appropriate stimuli. For example, the systemand the method according to the present invention may be adapted tomonitor and to respond to the person suffering an asthma attack. TheDevice 100 monitors biological parameters such as blood pressure, heartrate, respiratory rate and/or lung capacity. Information related to thebiological parameters is sent to the ASP 200 as described above. Ifqualified medical personnel and/or an automated process determines thata patient is having a serious asthma attack, a response signal can besent to the Device 100 to remedy the condition. Upon receiving theresponse signal, the processing unit 260 controls the output unit torelease a drug (e.g., adrenaline) into the blood stream of the person.Information relating to the amount, duration and/or frequency of thedosage may contained in the response signal, the processing unit 260and/or the information storage device 270. Furthermore, control unit 140can send subsequent response signals corresponding to different doses ofthe drug, for example, depending upon the improving or deterioratingcondition of the person.

In another embodiment according to the present invention, the microchipis activated only when the transceiver 220 receives the interrogationsignal and/or the response signal from the ASP 200. This embodiment hasan advantage in that energy consumption is minimized. Upon receiving theinterrogation signal, the processing unit 260 accepts data from thereceiver 250 and the at least one sensor 240. The processing unit 260may accept the data over a time interval to achieve more stable data orto develop a history of data. Such data may be processed and/or storedin the information storage device 270. Upon completion of the processingand/or storing of the data, the information contained in the informationstorage device is uploaded onto the transceiver 220 and transmitted tothe ASP 200. After completing the transmission of the uploaded data viathe transceiver 220, the processing unit 260 is no longer active inreceiving, processing and/or storing information until the nextinterrogation signal or the response signal is received from the ASP200. Upon receiving the response signal, for example, the Device 100 andthe output unit act as described above. After completing the action, theprocessing unit 260 is no longer active in controlling the output unitor in receiving, processing and/or storing information until the nextinterrogation signal or the next response signal is received from theASP 200. The present invention also contemplates the Device 100 and/orthe output unit being activated via a manual switch or programmed buttonactuated by the person.

As alluded to above, the information storage device 270 may storeinformation relating to different types of stimuli provided by theoutput unit as well as stimuli parameters such as frequency, amountand/or duration. The information storage device 270 may also storepreset information relating to identification, personal information orspecial medical information, for example. This information may have beenprogrammed before the coupling of the portable device 100 to the person.Alternatively, the information may have been transmitted to the portabledevice 100 after the Device 100 was coupled to the person. Suchinformation may include the person's name, home address, phone numberand/or a listing of relatives to contact in case of emergency.Furthermore, the information permanently stored in the Device 100 mayrelate to special medical information such as allergies to medication orthat the patient is diabetic or asthmatic, for example. All of thisinformation may be uploaded onto the transceiver 220 and transmitted tothe ASP 200 for review and analysis. Such information may be of specialsignificance to medical personnel when the person is disoriented orunconscious and unable to communicate.

Operational Modes

As will be described herein, various embodiments of the presentinvention employ power-saving features to prolong the life of theDevice's battery. In this regard, in certain embodiments the Device 100is capable of being turned on (from a low-power wait state) or off (intoeither a low-power state or completely off) remotely. Such function iscontrolled by messages received from the ASP 200 and, more specifically,by the microprocessor(s) of the Device. This allows the ASP 200 toremotely power individual Devices 100 up or down on-demand asnecessitated by either business requirements or user request. Inaddition, the ASP 200 can remotely turn individual sensors in the Device100 on or off (i.e., enable/disable) to provide enhanced monitoringcorresponding to higher service levels, or to conserve power on theDevice 100. Both of these features re-effectuated, in part, byparticular messages and message protocols.

In the alternate embodiment of FIG. 2 b, the microchip 210 is activatedonly when the transceiver 220 receives the interrogation signal and/orthe response signal from the ASP 200. This embodiment has an advantagein that energy consumption is minimized. Upon receiving theinterrogation signal, the processing unit 260 accepts data from the GPSreceiver 250 and the at least one sensor 240. The processing unit 260may accept the data over a time interval to achieve more stable data orto develop a history of data. Such data may be processed and/or storedin the information storage device 270. Upon completion of the processingand/or storing of the data, the information contained in the informationstorage device 270 is uploaded onto the transceiver 220 and transmittedto the ASP 200. After completing the transmission of the uploaded datavia the transceiver 220, the processing unit 260 is no longer active inreceiving, processing and/or storing information until the nextinterrogation signal or the next response signal is received from theASP 200. Upon receiving the response signal, for example, the Device 100acts as described above. The present invention also contemplates theDevice 100 being activated via a manual switch or programmed buttonactuated by the person.

In another embodiment according to the present invention, thetransceiver 220, without the GPS receiver 250, is adapted to receive theGPS data from the satellite 130 and the interrogation signal and/or theresponse signal from the ASP 200. Furthermore, the transceiver 220transmits information from the processing unit 260 to the ASP 200.Operation is similar as described above.

A privacy mode may be incorporated in the Device 100 that will allow itto temporarily stop reporting information. Privacy mode may take anumber of different forms. It may place the unit into a deep sleep modewhere the system is completely unable to respond to any requests fordata and does not collect any data. Alternatively, the privacy mode maysimply suppress the collection of particular type of data (such aslocation information) while still keeping the system up and running toprovide a baseline level of information. The system will respond torequests from the ASP 200 with either a notice that the system isoperational and not responding with data due to a privacy mode block, oronly respond with a limited set of information. Privacy mode wouldgenerate a flag in the PD 300, described in greater detail below, toprevent further polling of the Device 100 by the ASP 200 and a falsealarm that the unit is not functioning properly. In addition, the Device100 can be recalibrated from the ASP 200 during normal operation via thewireless data link to enable resealing of sensor gains or sensor offset.

The Device 100 may also have a system sleep mode, which reduces powerconsumption between data collection and transmission intervals. Toconserve power, the Device 100 will only power-up the wireless data linetransceiver 220 to determine if a message is waiting for it. If there isno message, the Device 100 will power down until the next prescheduledcheck time. If a message is waiting, the Device 100 will begin “wakingup” specific components needed to respond to the message. In addition tothis scheme, the GPS receiver 250 can also self-power down when it doesnot receive a usable set of satellite signals. Both of these sleep modessave Device 100 power and extend battery life.

The Device 100, and more particularly the device microprocessor(s), canpreferably conduct both startup testing and continuous system checkingduring operation for self-monitoring. Information such as low-batterywarnings, sensor malfunctions, no GPS signal and the like may bedetected by a Device microprocessor and communicated to the ASP 200.

ASP Platform Database

The PD 300 will now be described in greater detail with reference toFIG. 3, which illustrates the logical relationship of the data stored byPD 300. In general, the tables incorporated into the PD 300 have beendesigned to be application independent, namely, that none or very few ofthe tables contained within the PD 300 need to be changed when thesystem is applied to a new business application. Therefore, the PD 300structure is the same regardless of the end use of the system and typesof Devices 100 used, which simplifies management and maintainability ofthe overall system. The PD 300 includes numerous logically related,discrete tables of information to be described below. These tables areintended to be illustrative and not exhaustive, as other arrangementswith fewer or more tables and fewer or more data fields are within thescope of the present invention.

More specifically, the PD 300 comprises tables directed to three mainfunctional areas, which will be described in greater detail below. Thefirst functional area is directed to information pertaining to thespecific Devices 100. In particular, these tables contain identifyinginformation for the Devices 100 and device messages. The secondfunctional area is directed to information pertaining to end users 25,such as, for the caregiver of an Alzheimer patient, the parent of achild being monitored, or the supervisor of a fleet of vehicles. Thethird functional area is directed at setting and implementing alerts,and includes tables containing threshold parameters, alert signals, andlogical alert rules associated with each Device 100. The tables in eachof the three functional areas will now be described in greater detail.Organization of the tables into these functional areas is for ease ofdiscussion and should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of theinvention.

Device Information Tables

The first functional area of the PD 300 contains tables relating to theDevice 100 and its various functions. The PD 300 is designed toaccommodate a number of different types of Devices 100 with varyingcapabilities, such as different sensors suites, without any modificationto the structure of the PD 300 itself. To this end, the Device Tablecontains a record for every Device 100, as identified by a unique Deviceidentifier (ID). Each record in the Device Table also contains a fieldfor a description of the Device 100, a field for the frequency ofinterrogation of the Device 100, indicating for example, how often topoll the sensor Device 100 for position and/or data, and fields for theserial numbers of the watch unit and belt unit 204 for the embodimentwhere the Device 100 is comprised of two separate components, aspreviously described. The Device Table also contains a field for theAccount ID that associates the Device 100 with a particular account. TheAccount ID field in the Device Table links to the Account Table,described below. The Device Table also contains a field for a uniqueInternet Protocol (IP) address ID associated with each Device 100 and afield for a unique Device Type ID, identifying the particular type ofDevice 100, for example, a Device 100 for position and fall detectiononly or a Device 100 for position, pulse rate, and body temperature, andso forth. The IP Address ID field links the Device Table to the IPAddress Table, which contains a field for the Device's actual IP addressor some other identifying descriptor. The Device Type ID links theDevice Table to the Device Type Table, which contains a field for adescription of the particular Device 100 type.

The Device ID provides the link between the Device Table and severalother device related PD 300 tables. Two of these tables, the DeviceGeneric Table and the Generic Table, are optional. The Device GenericTable is linked to the Device Table through the Device ID and containsfields for a unique Generic ID and a Device Generic ID, which, in turn,relates to the Generic Table for identifying additional, special casefields. These tables are directed to Devices 100 that have non-standardconfigurations of sensors and/or internal settings.

The Device ID also links the Device Table, and thus each Device 100,with the Device Message Table, which stores messages sent to the Device100 from the ASP 200 that require an acknowledgement of being receivedby the Device 100. This table prevents repeated messages from beingcreated every time it has to be sent to a Device 100. The Device MessageTable also contains fields for the message content, a unique DeviceMessage Type ID, the date and time the message was sent, and the numberof times the system has tried to resend the message to the Device. TheDevice Message Table is linked to the Device Message Type Table throughthe Device Message Type ID. The Device Message Type Table, tracks themessages sent to the Device 100, including the maximum number of timesthe system will attempt to resend the message and the retry interval. Asdescribed in greater detail below, these Tables are used to determinewhen a Device has failed.

The PD 300 also has tables for archiving and displaying historicalDevice 100 data and status information. This information is useful forlong-term monitoring of Devices 100 and associated wearers or trackeditems. The Device ID links the Device Table to the Device Log Table,which is an archival table that tracks instances when data is receivedfrom each Device 100, as identified by Device ID. Each entry is assigneda unique Device Log ID, which links each record in the Device Log Tableto one or more records in the Device Log Values Table. The Device LogValues Table tracks the actual data received from the Device 100 andcreates records for these values.

User Information Tables

The second functional area of the PD 300 contains tables that store enduser information. The PD 300 is designed to enable multiple end users 25to be associated with a single Device 100. Furthermore, PD 300 ispreferably structured to allow different privilege or access levels tobe assigned to the end user(s) 25 associated with each Device 100 andthe information it produces.

To this end, the User Table in the PD 300 contains fields that storeinformation related to each user's personal information, such name,address, a description of the user, a unique identifier for the type ofuser, and a secure user name and password for use when an end user 25requests access to secure data or other account information or to setalert thresholds.

The Account Table and Account User Table associate accounts, asidentified by unique account IDs, with end users 25. To this end,Account Table includes an account ID and an account description.

The Account User Table within the PD 300 contains fields that uniquelyidentify individual users 25, the details of which are stored in theUser Table, with an account, as stored in the Account Table. A User TypeID is associated with different types of users 25, for example,caregivers, physicians, parents, or fleet supervisors. The user type IDlinks the User Table to the User Type Table, which also contains a fieldfor a description of the user type. Within the PD 300, multiple users 25can be associated with a single account, such as all the caregiverswithin one nursing home account. The user ID links the User Table to theAccount User Table, which contains unique identifiers for both theaccount user and the account. The account ID links the Account UserTable with the Account Table, which contains a field to describe theaccount.

The Group Table is linked to both the Group User Table and the AccountTable and serves to associate individual groups, identified by group ID,with an account, as identified by account ID. For example, an accountconsisting of a nursing home that monitors patients may include onegroup of all nurses and a second group of all supervisors. The GroupTable in the PD 300 contains unique identifying information for eachdefined group, including a Group ID and associated account ID.

The Group User Table, in turn, contains a record for each association ofgroup and user 25. As illustrated, a user 25 may be associated tomultiple groups.

The Group ID links the Group Table to the Group Privileges Table, whichassociates privileges with each group. The access privilege ID withinthe Group Privileges Table links to the Access Privileges Tables, whichcontains a detailed description of each privilege. It is within thescope of the present invention that users can belong to more than onegroup with different access privileges. The Group Privilege and AccessPrivilege Tables, therefore, contain fields to uniquely identify thegroup, the associated level of access privileges, and a description ofthe access privilege. For example, physicians may have access to bothposition data and biological data for a monitored patient with two-waycommunication capability for setting alert thresholds, while nurses andorderlies, who belong to a different group, would only have access toreceive alerts or some subset of data.

Finally, the Group Site Pages Table and Site Pages Table are optionaltables for assigning groups of users to specific ASP website pages towhich they can access. The Group Table is linked to the Group Site PagesTable through the Group ID. For security purposes, The Group Site PagesTable contains fields for unique IDs identifying individual or groups ofweb pages associated with a group of users. The Site Pages Tableassociates a Site Page ID with the full website URL locator or someother identifier of the web page.

In sum, a single account record in the Account Table can be associatedwith several user records in the User Table. Similarly, a record in theGroup Table can be associated with several user records. Finally,groups, and thus users, are associated with privileges as set forth inthe Group Privileges and Access Privileges Tables. For example, a singlenursing home would represent one account with different users. Withinthe nursing home account, user groups such as nurses, doctors, andorderlies can be defined with different privileges assigned to each usergroup.

Alert and Alert Device Information Tables

The third functional area of the PD 300 contains tables associated withalert threshold values for determining whether or not to issue alerts,alerts for the threshold values and logical rules to combine thresholdvalues. It will be appreciated that PD 300 allows for the flexiblesetting of both simple and complex alert thresholds. More specifically,the present embodiment stores both raw alert threshold values fortriggering a response from the ASP 200, and tables for combining andassociating individual threshold values into potentially complex alertthreshold rules to determine if an actual alert has occurred. Theserules and values are stored in the PD 300 in a flexible manner thatallows extensive alert profiles to be built and maintained in the PD 300for each Device 100 without any modification of the database structure.

It should also be noted that alert threshold evaluation preferablyoccurs at two levels. A basic threshold evaluation occurs at the Device100, specifically in the microprocessor of the belt unit 204 (of FIG. 2a) or the processing unit 260 of the microchip 210 (of FIG. 2 b) todetermine if the Device 100 should generate an alert and transmit thedata to the ASP 200, as previously described. The second level of alertevaluation is a more sophisticated evaluation that occurs at the ASP 200using logical rules, that will be described in greater detail below.Each threshold parameter or combinations of parameters can be combinedto create an alert threshold rule. For example, authorized users 25 mayset threshold temperature or biological values for different locationsor patients. The rules for evaluating parameters are embodied within thePD 300 itself. Each of the evaluation rules can be user programmedthrough secure web pages, having forms, on the ASP Website or via otheruser interface device. The end user 25, for example, a parent monitoringa child on a school bus or a caregiver monitoring an Alzheimer patient,can program the evaluation rules via the communication network 35, suchas the Internet. The PD 300 can associate multiple Alert Devices ofvarious types with each individual user to be contacted. For example, itcan store pager information, e-mail information, and phone informationas the primary alert notification sources for each user. Based uponinformation in these tables, the PD 300 associates different thresholdparameters with different Alert Devices. For example, temperature alerts25 for a user may only generate e-mail alerts while location alerts mayonly generate pager alerts. This functionality results, in part, fromthe structure of the PD 300.

Furthermore, a user 25, such as a caregiver or parent, may specify aradius around a given address or other global location for the alertthreshold. For example, the ASP 200 can convert postal code addressesinto latitude and longitude information for the user to adopt as the“center” of an alert zone. The user 25 can then specify a radius aroundthat central point for the alert zone. Whenever a user inputs specificvalues for alert parameter thresholds, for example, Max BodyTemperature >=103.5 F, the “Middle Tier” within the ASP 200, describedin greater detail below, can evaluate the parameter to determine whetherthe value has a potential to generate excessive alerts or aninsufficient number of alerts. If so, the ASP 200 will generate a callto the CMC 40 to contact the user to advise him or her that the valuemay need to be re-evaluated.

The Alert Device Table generally associates Alert Devices with users 25.The Alert Device Table links to the User Table, previously described,through the unique User ID. The Alert Device Table contains a field fora unique Alert Device Type ID to identify the type of alert device, forexample, a pager or cellular phone, a field for a description of thealert device, an Alert Device ID field to identify a particular alertdevice, and a field for the alert device's IP address or some otheridentifying descriptor. The Alert Device Table also contains start dateand end date fields to specify a time interval during which that AlertDevice (as opposed to another Alert Device of that user 25) is to benotified. The Alert Device Type ID links the Alert Device Table to theAlert Device Type Table, which contains a field to describe the alertdevice type and a field to specify whether the corresponding entry inthe Alert Device Table refers to an Alert Device to which notices can besent or simply refers to other user contact information.

The Alert Device ID links the Alert Device Table to the Device AlertDevice Table, which in turn, is linked to the Device Table, previouslydescribed, through the Device ID. The Device Alert Device Tableassociates specific Devices 100 with Alert Devices, for example, aparticular Device 100 for monitoring only position and pulse rate isassociated with an alert to a particular pager or particular cellularphone only. The Device Alert Device Table also stores the priority ofmultiple Alert Devices for each Device 100. For example, if a locationalert is triggered, a user may specify to first try an e-mail (havingthe highest priority) and if no response is received, to try a specifiedcellular phone (having the second highest priority). The NotificationService, described in greater detail below, uses the Device Alert DeviceTable.

Another alert related table, the Device Threshold Table, associates eachDevice 100 with its alert thresholds. The Device Threshold Table islinked to the Device Table, previously described, through the Device ID.To this end, each record, identified by a unique Device Threshold IDincludes Device ID and Alert Threshold ID. The Alert Threshold ID linksthe Device Threshold Table to the Alert Threshold Table, which containsalert identifying information for each alert. For example, each recordcontains a field for the actual alert message associated with the AlertThreshold ID and a description of the alert threshold. The AlertThreshold Table also contains fields for start and end dates to specifya time period during which the alert threshold is applicable. The AlertThreshold Active field within the Alert Threshold Table stores whether aparticular Alert Threshold has been enabled.

The Alert Threshold ID links the Alert Threshold Table to the AlertDevice Threshold Table, which associates specified alert thresholds withspecific Alert Devices. For example, in the Alzheimer patientapplication, the system can be directed to notify the patient's son athis pager if the location exceeds a specified distance from a centralpoint or his cellular telephone if the patient's temperature exceeds thethreshold. The Alert Device Threshold Table is also linked to the AlertDevice Table, previously described, through the Alert Device ID, therebyassociating an Alert Device with an alert threshold.

The Alert Threshold ID links the Alert Threshold Table to the AlertThreshold Rules Table, which contains fields to construct the logicalalert rule associated with an Alert Threshold ID. Multiple rules, asembodied in the Alert Threshold Rules Table, may be associated with asingle entry (and Device) in the Alert Threshold Table. The AlertThreshold Rules Table embodies the logical rules processed by the ASP200 whenever an end user, such as a caregiver, is setting alertthreshold rules and when the ASP 200 is determining whether or not analert has occurred.

More specifically, the Alert Threshold Rules Table associate an alertrule, as identified by an Alert Threshold Rules ID, with specified alertparameters, logical conditions, logical connectors, and the sequence ofthe parameters. Each alert rule, as identified by the Alert ThresholdRules ID in the Alert Threshold Rules Table, is associated with one ormore alert parameters, as identified by an alert parameters threshold IDin the Alert Threshold Table. For example, a first exemplary alertparameters is: temperature is greater than or equal to 100° F.; and asecond alert parameter is: heart rate is greater than or equal to 90. Anexemplary alert rule consisting of these two parameters is: activate thealert if (temperature is greater than or equal to 100° F.) or (heartrate is greater than or equal to 90). The Alert Parameters ThresholdTable and Alert Threshold Rules Table would embody this rule.

In general, the Alert Parameters threshold table includes the details oneach of the two parameters, including the parameter values (e.g., 100,90), the logical condition connecting the two parameters (e.g., greaterthan, less than, equal to, greater than or equal to, less than or equalto, and the like) as specified in the Logical Condition Table, thesequence of the parameters comprising a rule, the logical connectorjoining the multiple parameters (e.g., and, or, not, exclusive or, andnot, and the like), as specified in the logical connector table, and areference value for the parameter. In the present embodiment, thereference value is used only for the location/position parameter andindicates the longitude and latitude ordered pair of the center of theradius threshold. Each record in the Alert Parameters Threshold Tablealso includes a device parameters ID, which links the table to theDevice Parameters Table.

The Device Parameters Table contains all the sensor data parameters thata Device 100 can provide. The Device Parameters Table includes fieldsfor default minimum and maximum threshold values for each alertparameter, actual minimum and maximum threshold values for each alertdevice (which set acceptable bounds for user specified thresholdvalues), and parameter names and descriptions. The Device ParametersTable links to the Device Log Values Table, previously described,through the Device Parameters ID. The parameter values in the DeviceParameters Table are associated with an Alert Device through the DeviceType ID, which links the Device Parameter Table to the Device TypeTable, previously described. The Device Parameters Table is linked tothe Parameter Value Type Table through the Parameter Value Type ID. TheParameter Value Type Table is a lookup table for a description of theparameter (or sensor) type. The Device Parameters Table is also linkedto the Units Table through the Units ID field. The Units Table is alookup table that assigns a unique Units ID to a description of a unitof measurement, for example, degrees Fahrenheit, miles, and so forth.Notably, the Table is not hard coded for specific sensors andparameters; instead, the PD 300 provides new parameter types to bespecified by adding entries in the Parameter Value Type and UnitsTables.

Miscellaneous Tables

In addition to the three primary functional areas, the PD 300 alsoincludes other miscellaneous tables that serve additional functions.Specifically, the Notification Table stores notifications generated by aDevice 100 that require responses from the user 25 and tracks any activeor unconfirmed notifications, such as low battery, out of range, etc. Inthe present embodiment, only alert notifications require a userresponse, so only alert notifications are reflected in the Table. Whilethe present embodiment requires the user response before providing thealert details, other embodiments may provide the alert details with thenotification message. The Notification Table contains fields for aunique Notification ID; a Notification Type ID; and the date, time, andstatus of the notification. Each record in the Notification Table isassociated with a Device 100 through the Device ID, previouslydescribed. The Notification Type Table in the PD 300 containsdescriptions of the various types of notifications that can be sent bythe Notification Service, as described below.

The ASP 200 preferably also includes an independent Master Database thatis generally used for system-wide tracking of activity and systemmaintenance. The Master Database according to one embodiment may containthe following exemplary tables. An Activity Log Table that recordssystem-wide data activity and stores it for use in detecting andcorrecting system problems. A Current Database Table is used to recordthe current version of the Master Database that is in use. A PrimaryKeys Table in the Master Database is used to track all the tables in theMaster Database and the last ID that was assigned in each of the tables.An Alert Device Table in the Master Database associates particular alertdevices with notifications of system problems. For example, if the SM450 detects that the Data Processor 260 is not responding and cannot besuccessfully restarted, it will send a notification to the specifiedalert device. An Alert Device Type Table is used to record the variousalert devices that can be used to send system notifications. AnApplication Table stores the various system applications in use, forexample, cargo transportation, patient monitoring, child monitoring, andso forth. An Application Queue Table lists all the queues currently inuse, for example, the notify and log queues. An Application AddressTable is used by the Data Monitor 450 to associate Device 100 IPaddresses with specific applications of the system so incoming data fromthe Device 100 can be identified with its associated application.

ASP Middle Tier

In the present embodiment according to the present invention, the ASP200 includes an Application Server (AS) having software and/orcollection of software components, collectively referred to as the“Middle Tier” 400, which functions as the interface between the PD 300,the end users 25, and the Devices 100, whether they be on persons orobjects, such as a patient or the cargo in a truck, and between the PD300 and the end-users 25, such as a caregiver, parent, or schoolauthorities. The Middle Tier is conceptually comprised of four mainconceptually logic software levels that allow the system to interactwith users, control the configuration of the Devices 100, gather andstore data from individual Devices 100, notify users of alertconditions, provide report information and perform the other operationsdescribed herein. The Middle Tier 400 also includes various services,described below. In general, the services are “out of process”components (e.g., .exe files) and thus, operate independent of eachother. The logic levels, however, are “in-process” components and arehosted by the services.

All major components of the Middle Tier 400 are preferably implementedusing Microsoft Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM), which allowsfor individual functions to be physically removed from the rest of thesystem. Thus, as the system becomes larger, it can be readily expandedover a number of different ASP servers to increase performance. Thisdistributed software model is further enhanced by the use of standardextensible Markup Language (XML) formatted data objects within thesystem.

The four conceptual logic levels of the Middle Tier 400 will now bedescribed in greater detail with reference to FIG. 4. The highest levelof the Middle Tier 400 is the Business Logic Layer 410, which convertshigh level functions into progressively more focused commands entered byan end user 25. Each user can be given customizable access to particularfunctions of the system and information. The Business Logic Layer 410implements this selective access with user information contained in thePD 300. Input to the Business Logic Layer 410 can come from the Device100 in the manner previously described, or from an end user through anyknown interface device. For example, a caregiver can use the Internet toinput instructions to send an alert if a patient's pulse rate dropsbelow a specified level or if the patient's body temperature reaches acertain level. This logical rule is first processed at the BusinessLogic Layer 410. The Business Logic Layer 410 is independent of the PD300 and the Business Logic Layer 410 preferably has no knowledge of theinformation in the PD 300.

Where the system simultaneously supports multiple business applications,for example through multiple websites (or other interfaces), each ofwhich is associated with a separate application, the Middle Tierpreferably includes multiple Business Logic Layers, each directed to oneapplication. In such embodiments, each application has an associatedapplication ID, which is passed from the website, to the Middle Tier,where a software component interprets it and calls the appropriateBusiness Logic Layer. Similarly, each Business Logic Layer uses theidentifier to communicate with the appropriate website (or otherinterface).

From the Business Logic Layer 410, the information is passed to the DataAccess Layer 420, which is conceptually the second logic level of theMiddle Tier 400. The Data Access Layer 420 provides commands foraccessing the appropriate database tables in the PD 300 required tocarry out high-level commands from the Business Logic Layer 410.

The third conceptual logic level of the Middle Tier 400 is the TableAccess Layer 430, which translates data in the PD 300 from independent,standard XML into a suitable form for passing to the upper levels.Conversely, the Table Access Layer 430 also translates commands and datareceived from the higher tiers into a XML format for storage in the PD300.

The fourth conceptual logic level of the Middle Tier 400 is theData/Utility Level 440, which is the lowest level within the AS 400. Ingeneral, the Data/Utility Level 440 implements the high level commandsfrom the Business Logic Layer 410 and extracts the required data fromthe appropriate PD 300 tables. More specifically, the Data/Utility Level440 includes a utility component for implementing standard functions,such as reading from and writing to the registry, and a data componentfor accessing the PD 300. By isolating such functions in theData/Utility Level 440, only this level would need to change whenchanging the database technology (e.g., from SQL to that provided byOracle Corporation).

It is also to be understood that the data conversion of the presentembodiment allows easy third-party access to the information whileeasing the flow of information through the rest of the platform. Forexample, end user 25, such as a courier, could establish its owncustomer ASP interfaces (e.g., web site and call center) by extractingdata from the ASP 200 in XML or other format such as electronic datainterchange (EDI), text, or direct access. Furthermore, such a thirdparty may issue a request to the ASP for particular data and/or for theASP to perform a particular function and return to the third party theresult of the function. In such an embodiment, which may be implementedusing tools provided by the Microsoft Corporation under the tradename.NET, the Middle Tier is programmed to receive requests from a thirdparty in a predetermined format. For example, one or more softwareobjects of the Middle Tier interprets the request, identifying therequested data and/or requested function and corresponding dataparameters necessary to perform the function. The data is retrieved fromthe database as described herein, and the function, which may beembodied in a separate object or component, is performed. The resultingdata is provided to the third party in essentially any format, includingXML, electronic data interchange (EDI), text, by direct access, and thelike.

In addition to the four software logical levels, the Middle Tier 400also contains discrete functional components or services implemented inthe server software. The first is the Data Monitor 445, which is theinterface between the Business Logic Layer 410 and the Device 100. TheData Monitor 445 uses a UDP/IP (or TCP/IP in alternate embodiments)socket protocol to communicate with the Device 100 through the Device'sunique IP address. The Data Monitor 445 is a dedicated component thatmonitors a specific designated port for incoming Device 100 data,collects incoming data from deployed Devices 100, and posts the data toeither an Alert Notify Queue, when the device data is an alert, or aNon-Alert Notify Queue, when the device data is not the result of analert.

The second functional component is the Polling Service 450, which causesa polling of the Devices 100 based on the polling frequency with theDevice Table. Without interrupting normal operations, the amount of timebetween each data point can be adjusted by adjusting the pollingfrequency. The method of identifying the devices to be polled utilizesthe Polling Service 470 and the PD 300 to generate a report of devicesthat need to be polled. This report is then used by the Business LogicLayer 410 to poll the individual devices. It should be understood thatsuch polling, and the Polling Service 470 itself, are optional. Forexample, in alternate embodiments, the Polling Service 450 is replacedwith an SQL job that runs at predetermined times to request data fromall or certain Devices 100. Such a predetermined request is referred toas a regular data request.

Another functional component is the Notification Service 465, whichaccesses Non-Alert and Alert Notification Queues in the Middle Tier 400and accesses the Notification Type Table and Notification Table in thePD 300, previously described, and generates notification alerts to users25 whenever alarms are triggered by the system and to systemadministration wherever errors are detected. Notification alerts aresent to users 25 via Alert Devices. As described in greater detailbelow, various other Middle Tier 400 components may determine anotification needs to be sent, in which case such other componentscreate an XML document specifying the required notification and placesit in the appropriate Notify Queue.

The Notification Service 465 will forward a message to the CMC 40whenever an alert is generated. This information will be used by asystem administrator (e.g., Customer Relations Specialist) to respond tousers 25 as appropriate to find additional information beyond the basicmessage generated by the automated notification system. Further, thesemessages may be sent directly to the call management software to provideautomated handling and routing of incoming user queries, therebyimproving customer experience and call handling speed.

As described in greater detail below, the Communication Service 460determines when to resend messages to the Devices 100. In short, theCommunication Service 460 monitors the Device Message and Device MessageType Tables for entries (i.e., messages) that, based on the retryinterval, need to be resent. Furthermore, based on the retry count andmaximum retry count fields, the Communication Service 460 determineswhen the maximum number of retries for each message has been reached, inwhich case the Communication Service 460 posts a message to theNon-Alert Notification Queue to indicate a device failure to a systemadministrator.

The Middle Tier 400 also includes a Data Processor Service 455 forhandling device data. As discussed below, the Data Processor Service 455monitors the Alert Queue and Non-Alert Queue (in which device data isposted by the Data Monitor Service 445). Based on the entries in thequeues, the Data Processor Service 455 will update the PD 300 andgenerate entries in the Non-Alert and Alert Notify Queues, asappropriate, for action by the Notification Service 465.

The Middle Tier 400 also includes a Registration Test Service 470 forassisting in the registration of new users 25. This optional servicegenerates a test communication to a newly registered user's Device 100.

Another optional service is the Log Service (not shown). The Log Serviceoperates in conjunction with a Log Queue to track use of and debug thesystem. In general, each of the other services posts a record to the LogQueue, thereby creating a history of the system activity.

The last functional component is the Service Monitor 475, which sits inthe background and continually sends test data to verify that the otherservices and components are working and collecting data. If a componentfails to respond, the Service Monitor 475 is able to stop the componentprocess and restart it in an attempt to fix the problem. In addition,the Service Monitor 475 can cause the Notification Service (describedbelow) to notify personnel to intervene if the component does notrestart properly.

The Middle Tier 400 also includes various queues, which are accessed bythe various services and are preferably implemented using MicrosoftMessage Queuing or similar technology. As such, each entry in the queuesis preferably and XML document containing the data or parameters to beutilized by the particular service accessing the queue. As will beappreciated based on the description herein, by posting the serviceparameters to the queues, allows the services can operateasynchronously.

Notably, the Middle Tier 400 includes an Alert Notification Queue and aNon-Alert Notification Queue for use by the Notification Service 465 andthe Communication Service 460. In the present embodiment, theseNotification Queues contain XML documents that include the followingdata: business application ID (to identify the appropriate applicationand corresponding business layer), notification type ID (to indicate tothe Notification Service how to format the message), alert device typedescription (to indicate the alert device type), alert device address(for specifying the Alert Device destination), notification content, andnotification message.

Similarly, the Middle Tier 400 includes an Alert Queue and a Non-AlertQueue. As described below, the Data Monitor Service 445 posts records tothese queues and the Data Processor Service 455 accesses and utilizesrecords in these queues. Each record in these queues preferably includesthe IP address of the Device to which the record pertains and the devicedata received from the Device 100 identified by the IP address.

The ASP 200 also contains one or more servers that support the system'sWebsite. The primary user interface for owners of Devices 100 andauthorized users 25 will be the system Website. The forgoing discussionis directed at an embodiment of the invention with one system Websiteadapted for all applications of the system, for example, patientmonitoring, child monitoring, and cargo monitoring. Alternateembodiments of the invention can include separate system Websites eachtailored for different applications. In general, the system Websiteallows authorized users to update the configuration of the Device 100,including the data collection frequency, as well as monitor otherparameters. In addition, the Website allows users to view historicalinformation for the Devices 100 and get current location and sensorinformation. Ideally, nearly all operations that a user or owner maywish to perform can be done through the system Website. Such inputs arepassed to the ASP 200, where the Middle Tier 400 process the inputs,updates the PD 300, and performs such other operations as necessary.

The Website preferably provides not only the current location of theDevice 100, but also its historical locations. The Device LocationHistory is displayed to the user through a time history graphicaldisplay. The display may include a map with individual data points thatcorrespond to recent past data points (e.g., locations and sensor data)of the Device 100. Such data points are retrieved from the Device Logand Device Log Values Tables. When the cursor is moved over top of theindividual data points, a pop up window presents the data pointinformation. Future embodiments of this application can providedirections from the Device 100 to a point of interest based not only onwhere the Device 100 is located, but also on the direction it istraveling.

A display feature of the system Website allows multiple Devices 100 tobe mapped on a single map display at the same time. This is particularlyuseful when there is a single owner who has multiple Devices 100associated with a single account. The software generating the displayassigns different display identifier (e.g., color, shape, text, etc.) toeach Device ID associated with the Account ID and uses the identifierfor each data point retrieved from the Device Log and Device Log ValuesTables.

The system Website will enable users to generate customized reports onDevice 100 history. For example, a user may generate a customizedhistory report that details all alerts generated by a Device 100, asstored in the Service Log Table, and the location of those alerts asspecified in the Device Log Values Table, for a past specified number ofdays. Use of this historical data should be considered, for example, asa means to provide feedback on the practicality of current alertthresholds.

As discussed herein, all customizable sensor threshold parameters inputby a user go through an initial logic check at the system Website. Ifpotentially suspect values have been entered by the user, the Websitewill verify the information and highlight potential problems with theselected threshold values, e.g., the parameter is possibly set too lowand may generate a large number of alerts.

The Middle Tier 400 can function in response to a user query to generatean “on-demand request” for Device 100 information. For example, if auser is logged onto the website and is viewing the web page associatedwith their Device 100, they can click on a button that will request anupdate of the current Device 100 location and sensor information. TheMiddle Tier 400 will then generate a request for information and displaythe resulting information returned from the Device 100 or report anerror if there is a failure or no response.

The Middle Tier 400 can also locate specific points of interest withinclose proximity of the Device 100 through a database query in responseto a user request. For example, a query based on the current reportedlocation of the Device 100 can locate the nearest small or large city.Other points of interest may be incorporated, such as hospitals, policestations, or restaurants. A number of commercial databases can be usedto obtain this functionality because the query is utilizes latitude andlongitude information as the point of contact.

As noted above, whether a single system Website is used or multiplesites, each vertical market website will pass an application ID to theMiddle Tier 400 to identify which Business Logic Layer 410 to use andwhich table of the PD 300 to access. When a patient monitoring userenters their user name and ID on the Website, the Website will pass theID back to the Middle Tier 400 to assist in the identification of theproper business rules, tables and the like.

Message Packet Protocol and Sequencing

Having described the various components and general operation of thepresent embodiment, the operation of the data transfer protocol betweenthe Device 100 and the ASP 200 will now be described in greater detailwith reference to FIGS. 8( a) through 8(e) in the context of anembodiment of the invention where the Device 100 is equipped to transmitGPS position, temperature, and fall down data. FIG. 8( a) depicts auniform data packet format. In general, the data packet is comprised ofa top layer of an application protocol with three sub-protocol layers.The Standard Data Protocol 1 (STDP-1) is the top layer and is the parentcommunication application layer protocol between the CDPD Device 100 andthe ASP 200. STDP-1 is comprised of Wake Up Byte Code followed by sevensequential segments: TOP, Control1, Data Length1, Data1, CRC, MessageID,and END. The Wake Up Byte Code is a single byte command from the ASP 200to the Device 100 that starts up the Device 100 modem. The Data1 fieldwithin STDP-1 comprises the sub-protocol STDP-2 level, which contains atleast one and up to n data packets, each comprised of three segments:Control2, Data Length2, and Data2. The Data2 segment is further dividedinto the sub-protocol STDP-3 level, which contains the actual data beingtransmitted between the Device 100 and the ASP 200.

The STDP-1 top-level protocol segments will now be described in greaterdetail with reference to FIG. 8( b). The TOP segment contains a constantheader identifier such as a number or string of characters at thebeginning of the packet that functions as a signal that a data packet isincoming. In the present embodiment of the invention, the constant inthe TOP segment is hexadecimal (H) number AA55. The Control1 segmentdefines all the command sets for the STDP-1 transportation layerapplication program and contains the Control Byte that is associatedwith the type of data being transmitted. For example, with reference toFIG. 8( b), if the Device 100 user sends an emergency signal to the ASP200, the Control Byte in the Control1 segment would be the hexadecimalnumber 02. Similarly, if the transmitted data were an ASP 200acknowledgment of data received from the Device 100, the Control Byte inthe Control1 segment would be the hexadecimal number 10, and so forth.The Data Length1 segment within the STDP-1 protocol contains the totalnumber of bytes of the data being transmitted in the Data1 segment thatfollows it. In the present embodiment of the invention, the Data Length1segment is defined as a two-byte hexadecimal number. The messagepreferably includes error detection and/or correction information. Thus,the message includes a CRC segment that detects any corruption in theControl1, Data Length1, or Data1 segments by performing an eXclusive OR(XOR) logical function on these three segments. The MessageID segmentcontains a hexadecimal identifier that preferably uniquely identifiesthe message. Responsive messages include the same message ID, therebyenabling the Middle Tier 400 to pair each message with its response, ifany. The END segment is analogous to the TOP segment and contains aconstant tail header identifier, such as a number or string ofcharacters at the end of the packet, that functions as a signal that thedata packet has ended.

The STDP-2 sub-protocol segments will now be described in greater detailwith reference to FIG. 8( c). The STDP-2 corresponds to the Data1segment of the STDP-1 protocol. The STDP-2 sub-protocol contains atleast one and up to n number of discrete data packets that describe thetype of data and the length of the data that is being transmitted. TheControl2 segment within the STDP-2 sub-protocol defines the type of datathat is being transmitted by associating control bytes consisting ofhexadecimal numbers 00 through FF with a specific configuration or datarequest between the Device 100 and the ASP 200 or vice versa. In anembodiment of the invention, only control bytes 01 through 08 aredefined while control bytes 09 through FF are reserved for future use.For example, with reference to FIG. 8( c), incoming GPS position datafrom the Device 100 to the ASP 200 would carry the hexadecimal 02control byte in the Control2 segment. The Pre-set Commands listed inFIG. 8( c) are described in greater detail below. The Data Length2segment contains the total number of bytes of the data being transmittedin the Data2 segment that follows it. The Data2 segment, described ingreater detail below, contains the actual data of the data packet beingtransmitted.

The STDP-3 sub-protocol layer, which contains the Data2 segment of theSTDP-2 sub-protocol, will now be described in greater detail withreference to FIG. 8( d). The STDP-3 sub-protocol defines thecommunication format for all application data types. Specifically, thepresent embodiment of the invention defines eight configuration or datatype assigned ID numbers 1 through 8. GPS position data is transmittedin standard ASCII code for latitude, longitude, and time in the formatshown in FIG. 8( d). The data includes a flag to indicate whether theGPS data received from the Device 100 is valid. In the presentembodiment the GPS data is marked invalid (V) when the Device 100 isunable to receive new GPS data. In such an event, the Device 100retrieves the last known location, as stored in the Device's memory andsends it back to ASP 200. Temperature data is transmitted in ASCII codeas degrees Celsius and includes a hexadecimal number (DDD) thatidentifies the Watch Unit 202 from which the data is being transmitted.The Fall Down data is defined as a single byte two-state hexadecimalnumber where the 01 state represents a normal condition and a 00 staterepresents a fall down condition.

The Pre-set Center Call Configuration Command is the ASP's 200 initialrequest for information and is defined as a ten-byte ASCII code wherethe Device 100 ignores the last two digits. The Pre-set Time CallConfiguration Command is sent by the ASP 200 to the Device 100 tospecify the time interval that the Device is to send position and sensordata to the ASP. The Command is defined as a 12 byte ASCII code with themaximum interval of 255 minutes. The Pre-set Position Range AlarmConfiguration Command, sent by the ASP 200 to the Device 100, definesthe physical boundaries of the Device 100. If the Device 100 determinesthat its position is out of this boundary, the Device 100 transmits analarm to the ASP 200 as described below. The Command format is a 21-bytecode consisting of the latitude and longitude of the upper left andbottom right corners of the boundary. In alternate embodiments, thecommand passes the radius of the boundary. The micro processor of theDevice uses the radius to determine whether or not the GPS position ofthe Device 100 is a further distance from the home location (i.e.,center of the permissible location circle). Each coordinate is definedby four bytes where the first byte is degree, the second byte isminutes, and the third and fourth bytes are fractional parts of aminute. The last byte of the data is reserved to enable or disable theGPS receiver within the Device 100. The Pre-set Fall Down Alarm Commandis defined as a single byte used by the ASP 200 to enable and disablethe Fall Down sensor in the Device 100. The Pre-set Temperature RangeAlarm Configuration Command is defined as a four byte ASCII code wherethe first two bytes represent the upper limit in degrees Celsius, up toa maximum 60° C. and the last two bytes represent the lower limit indegrees Celsius, down to a minimum 0° C. The temperature alert/sensor isdisabled when the upper limit equals the lower limit.

FIG. 8( e) summarizes the message packet configuration detailed in FIGS.8( a) through 8(d) for the possible configuration and data types in thepresent embodiment of the invention. The first five rows (ID Nos. 1through 5) represent the five initial configuration commands, describedbelow, sent by the ASP 200 to the Device 100 upon startup. ID No. 6corresponds to a response from the ASP 200 to the Device 100. ID No. 7corresponds to a response from the Device 100 to the ASP 200. The lastseven rows in FIG. 8( e) (ID Nos. 8 through 14) represent various alarmsand commands sent by the Device 100 to the ASP 200.

The ASP 200 request for data and each of the four initial configurationcommands will now be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS.9 a through 9 n. In general, each of these figures represent a time linesequence of command and data exchange between the ASP 200 and the Device100. The two vertical lines in these figures represent a time axis (withtime progressing top to bottom) with the left line representing the ASP200 and the right line representing the Device 100. The numberedhorizontal arrows between the vertical lines represent a command or dataexchange. The number designation that appears above each horizontallines represents designates the type of command or data beingtransmitted and corresponds with the ID column of FIG. 8( e), describedabove. For example, the No. 9 transmission depicted in FIG. 9 brepresents a general data message from the Device 100 to the ASP 200.

As an initial matter, in certain embodiments the ASP 200 first sends a“wake-up” byte code to the Device 100 before any data is sent to wake upthe modem with a 50 ms delay before sending the message although such awake-up code is not be necessary.

Furthermore, the Device 100 initially transmits the Device RegisterCommand (No. 14) to the ASP 200 when it is turned on to signal to theASP 200 that it is on and needs to be configured, with no re-transmittaland no acknowledgment. In alternate embodiments the Device 100 retriesfor a predetermined number of times until the ASP 200 provides aresponsive acknowledgement. If no acknowledgement is received, theDevice 100 alerts the wearer locally.

Once the ASP 200 receives the Device Register Command, the ASP 200, andmore particularly, the Data Processor Service, responds by sending theconfiguration commands to the Device 100, thereby configuring theDevice's alert parameters values and rules. While in the presentembodiment the Data Processor Service 455 transmits the Pre-set PositionRange Alarm, Pre-set Fall Down Alarm and Pre-set Temperature AlarmCommands in succession (transmitting one after the Device 100acknowledges receipt of the previous) to configure the Device, it shouldbe understood that any of the configuration commands may be sent to theDevice 100. Where a volatile RAM is used by the Device 100 to store theparameters, such configuration is required. In the present embodiment,each of the four configuration commands, or any subset thereof, are sentto the Device 100. The appropriate configuration command(s) are alsosent to the Device 100 when a user 25 decides to change alert thresholdvalues or rules, including when the user 25 changes the reference pointfor the range/position alarm, when the user 25 changes the radius forthe range/position alarm, and the like.

With reference to FIG. 9 a, the first type of command transmitted by theASP 200 to the Device 100 is a Center Call Command (No. 1), which is theASP's 200 request for information from the Device 100 in response to apolled request, a regular data request or an on-demand user request. TheDevice 100 responds by Command No. 7 (i.e., ID No. 7 in FIG. 8( e)) andturns on the GPS and temperature reception. With reference to FIG. 9 b,if the Device 100 receives valid GPS and sensor data within threeminutes, the Device 100 transmits the data by Command No. 9 to the ASP200 in the manner previously described. If the Device 100 does notreceive a valid data signal at the end of three minutes, the Device 100transmits an invalid data code by Command No. 9 to the ASP 200 withwhatever information is stored in the Device's memory (e.g., buffer).Once the Device 100 transmits either valid data (A) or an invalid datacode (V), the Device 100 waits one minute for the ASP 200 to transmit anAcknowledgment by Command No. 6. If the Device 100 does not receive theASP's 200 Acknowledgment by Command No. 6 in one minute, the Device 100re-sends the valid data or invalid data code by Command No. 9. Afterre-sending the valid data or invalid data code, the Device 100 waitsanother one minute for the ASP 200 to send an Acknowledgement by CommandNo. 6. If the Device 100 does not receive an Acknowledgement by CommandNo. 6 one minute after the last valid data or invalid data code wassent, the Device re-sends the valid data or invalid data code a secondtime and waits for an acknowledgement for one minute. If the Device 100does not receive an Acknowledgement from the ASP 200 by Command No. 6,the Command times out and ends.

With reference to FIG. 9 c, the first type of configuration commandtransmitted by the ASP 200 to the Device 100 is a Pre-set Time CallCommand (No. 2), which specifies the time interval that the Device 100is to automatically and continuously report data to the ASP 200. Thespecified time interval is denoted as xxx and is set by the ASP 200. Aninterval equal to zero is used to signify the disabling, or termination,of the periodic reporting. The Device 100 acknowledges the command byCommand No. 7 and begins to transmit the data on Command No. 9 every xxxminutes. The Device 100 continues to transmit data by Command No. 9every xxx minutes until the ASP 200 disables the Time Call Command bysending a message with xxx equal to zero.

FIG. 9 d illustrates the general operation of the Device 100 after itturns on and is configured. As an initial step, the Device 100 attemptsto obtain valid GPS and temperature data. If the valid data is received,the Device 100 sends a device data message (No. 9). If no valid data isobtained, the Device 100 retries obtaining data for a predeterminedperiod, e.g. 3 minutes. If valid data is not received, the Device 100sends a message with the invalid data field set (No. 9).

With reference to FIG. 9 e, the second type of configuration commandsent by the ASP 200 is the Pre-set Position Range Alarm Command (No. 3),which begins the Device's periodic position detection. When the CommandControl Bit T is equal to 1, the position detection is enabled. When theCommand Control Bit T is equal to 0, position detection is disabled. TheDevice 100 responds by Command No. 7 and begins detecting its positionevery ten minutes. If the position is in the alarm range, no alarm istransmitted. If the ASP 200 disables the position detection sensor byCommand No. 3 (i.e., T=0), the Device 100 responds by Command No. 7 andceases position alarm detection. With reference to FIG. 9 f, if theposition is out of alarm range and the Device 100 receives a validsignal within three minutes after the Device 100 turns on its GPS andtemperature reception in response to the ASP's 200 Center Call Command,the Device 100 sends an alarm by Command No. 12 to notify the ASP 200that the Device 100 is out of range. If the Device 100 receives anAcknowledgment from the ASP 200 by Command No. 6, the Command endssuccessfully. If the Device 100 does not receive an Acknowledgment fromthe ASP 200 by Command No. 6 within one minute after the Device 100 sentthe alarm by Command No. 12, the Device 100 re-sends the alarm byCommand No. 12. If the Device 100 again does not receive anAcknowledgment from the ASP 200 by Command No. 6 within one minute afterit re-sent the alarm by Command 12, the Device 100 re-sends the alarm byCommand No. 12 a second time. If the Device 100 again does not receivean Acknowledgment from the ASP 200 by Command No. 6 within one minuteafter the last alarm was sent, the Device resends the message after apredetermined interval, provided the alert condition still exists.

With reference to FIG. 9 g, the fourth type of command sent by the ASP200 to the Device 100 is the Pre-set Fall Down Alarm Command (No. 4),which requests fall down status. When the ASP 200 sends a CommandControl Bit X equal to 1, the fall down alarm detection at the Device100 is enabled and the Device 100 responds by Command No. 7. When theASP 200 sends a Command Control Bit X equal to 0, the fall downdetection at the Device 100 is disabled and the Device 100 responds byCommand No. 7. If fall detection is enabled, begins detecting fall downdata with a detection period of 50 ms. If the Device 100 detects a fall(i.e., a change from a normal state to a fall down state), the Device100 transmits a fall down alarm by Command No. 11 to the ASP 200. If theDevice 100 does not receive an Acknowledgment from the ASP 200 byCommand No. 6 within one minute after the Device 100 sent the fall downalarm by Command No. 11, the Device 100 re-sends the alarm by CommandNo. 11. If the Device 100 again does not receive an Acknowledgment fromthe ASP 200 by Command No. 6 within one minute after the Device 100re-sent the alarm by Command 11, the Device 100 re-sends the alarm byCommand No. 11 a second time. If the Device 100 again does not receivean Acknowledgment from the ASP 200 by Command No. 6 within one minuteafter the last alarm was sent, the Command times out and ends.

With reference to FIGS. 9 i, the fifth type of command sent by the ASP200 to the Device 100 is the Pre-set Temperature Range Alarm Command(No. 5), which enables the Device 100 temperature sensor. The Device 100responds by Command No. 7 and begins detecting temperature every tenminutes until the sensor is disabled by the ASP 200. If the temperatureis in the alarm range, no alarm is transmitted. If the temperature isout of alarm range, the Device 100 sends an alarm on Command No. 13 tothe ASP 200. If the Device 100 does not receive an Acknowledgment fromthe ASP 200 by Command No. 6 within one minute after the Device 100 sentthe temperature alarm by Command No. 13, the Device 100 re-sends thealarm by Command No. 13. If the Device 100 again does not receive anAcknowledgment from the ASP 200 by Command No. 6 within one minute afterthe Device 100 re-sent the alarm by Command No. 13, the Device 100re-sends the alarm by Command No. 13 a second time. If the Device 100again does not receive an Acknowledgment from the ASP 200 by Command No.6 within one minute after the last alarm was sent, the Device resendsthe message after a predetermined interval, provided the alert conditionstill exists.

With reference to FIG. 9 k, in a Terminal Emergency Call Command (No.8), the Device 100 transmits a Terminal Emergency Call by Command No. 8to the ASP 200. The Device 100 detects GPS position data and temperaturedata first. If the Device 100 receives a signal within three minutes, itsends an Emergency Call Command by No. 8 to the ASP 200. If the Device100 does not receive a valid signal in three minutes, the Device 100sends invalid data to the ASP 200. When the ASP 200 receives the data,it responds by Command No. 6. If the ASP 200 does not respond in oneminute, the Device 100 re-sends the data by Command No. 8 three times.If no respond is received, the Command times out and terminates.

With reference to FIG. 91, the Device 100 automatically detects systemvoltage when it is turned on. If low voltage is detected, the Device 100transmits by Command No. 10 to the ASP 200. Once low voltage isdetected, the Device 100 detects data every ten minutes without aresponse from the ASP 200. Other potential problems may be displayed toa user 25, such as the driver of monitored cargo (where the user is alsothe wearer), via status indicator on the Device 100. This informationcan also be reported back to the ASP 200 for monitoring and potentialalert generation. The Device 100 can provide its status information onrequest. The Device 100 will also generate a message to warn the ASP 200of low-battery and other conditions that may threaten the performance ofthe Device 100.

FIG. 9 m illustrates the use of a Pre-set Time Call Command (No. 2) inconjunction with a Pre-set Fall Down Alarm Command (No. 4). Asillustrated, once the Pre-set Fall Down Command is sent, the Devicebegins to respond (No. 7). Once the Pre-Set Fall Down Command (No. 4) isissued by the ASP 200, the Device's response becomes the General DataMessage (No. 9).

In the event a Fall Down alert occurs, the Device 100 issues a Fall DownAlarm Message (No. 11). After the alarm message is received, the ASP 200disables the Time Call Command by sending the command with xxx equal tozero (No. 2). The Device 100 acknowledges the command with a reply (No.7). Having received the alarm, the ASP 200 proceeds to disable the FallDown sensor/alarm with command No. 4 (with X=O).

FIG. 9 n illustrates a similar exemplary scenario in which the Device100 transmits a Falling Down Alarm Message (No. 11), and resends themessage until an acknowledgement message (No. 6) is received from theASP 200. If no acknowledgement is received, the Device 100 continues toresend the alarm for a predetermined time period or number of times, atwhich point the alarm times out.

Flow Charts

Having described the various components and general operation of thepresent environment, operation of the platform will now be described ingreater detail with reference to various architectural schematics andflow charts. The initial process of user registration with the ASP 200will now be described with reference to the architectural schematic ofFIG. 5 a and the flow chart of FIG. 5 b. It is to be understood thatmany different processes may be used and the following is but oneexample. The End user may submit registration via any of the varioususer interface devices noted above. Step 502. For example, theregistration may be a web page having a form for entering various useridentifying information, alert device information, threshold values andother information rolled into the particular user's application. Asrepresented by subprocess A (Step 504), such information is stored inthe appropriate tables in the PD, including the user table (e.g., useridentifying information), alert device table and device alert devicetable (e.g., alert device contact information, priority, association ofalert with particular alert device), alert parameters threshold table(e.g., alert threshold), and any other appropriate table for theparticular user's application.

Once the registration information is received, the Middle Tier 400 postsa record to the Non-Alert Notify Queue. The notification service, inturn, posts a message to be sent back to the end user confirming receiptof registration information. These steps are represented by SubprocessB. Step 506.

Once the registration information has been stored in the PD 300 and anXML document has been stored in the Non-Alert Notify Queue, the MiddleTier pulls the new registration information and associates it with an IPaddress based on the association between the IP address with the Device.Step 508. Once the registration information is pulled and the MiddleTier associates with it an IP address, the information is marked asbeing in-process. Step 510. In the present embodiment, marking therecord as in-process involves setting a flag associated with the record.

The Middle Tier then causes the registration information to be presentedto the end user. Step 512. In the present embodiment, the registrationis presented to the end user in the form of a web page, email, or apersonal conversation with a call center representative. Suchpresentation of the registration information is achieved by entering theXML document in the Non-Alert Notify Queue and having the notificationservers generate and direct the message as appropriate. Furthermore,presentation of the registration information includes highlightingquestionable parameters selected by the end user. More specifically, theMiddle Tier compares the received alert parameters with the defaultparameters stored in the device parameters table to determine whether ornot the end user's selections are within the range of permissibleparameters defined in the table.

In response to being presented the registration information, the enduser (e.g., the caregiver) is given the option of changing theregistration information. Step 514. In the event the end user desires tochange the registration information, the process continues withreceiving new registration information (Step 502) storing the new datain the PD (Step 504) and generating a new XML document in the Non-AlertNotify Queue (Step 506).

In the event the end user does not want to change the registrationinformation, the process continues as if no questionable alertparameters were originally entered by the end user. More specifically,the user must also be associated with the particular Device 100. To thisend, the Middle Tier sends a message to the call center, for example, inthe form of an email, instructing the call center to manually registerthe end user with a wireless carrier, thereby associating the CDPD modemof the user's device with the particular user. Step 516. Such manualregistration entails contacting the wireless carrier and requesting thatthe carrier associate the particular end user with the particular IPaddress of the assigned Device.

Registration of an end user also involves the Registration Test Service.In short, the Registration Test Service tests communication with theremote device after the call center manually registers the user with thewireless carrier. In the event that the test fails, the RegistrationTest Service posts a message to the Non-Alert Notify Queue, therebyresulting in notification to both the end user and the systemadministrator.

Once the CDPD modem is registered, the Middle Tier proceeds to generatean XML document and place it the Registration Test Queue. Such XMLdocument includes information necessary to generate a message to thedevice, including, for example, device IP address. Step 518. With theXML document in the Registration Test Queue, the Registration TestService may proceed to access the queue and, based on the XML document,generate a test communication to the Device. Step 520.

Once the test message has been sent to the Device, the Middle Tier waitsfor an acknowledgement message, indicative of whether or not theregistration was successful. Step 522. In the present embodiment, thetest is deemed successful if the Device returns an acknowledgementmessage. If the test was successful, then the PD is updated and theprocess is deemed complete. Step 524. On the other hand, if the test wasunsuccessful, then the process repeats with the registration testservice issuing another test message. Each time the test is repeated,the Middle Tier determines whether or not a predetermined maximum numberof retries has been attempted. Step 526. If not, the number of retriesis updated (Step 528), and the process continues with retesting theregistration (Step 520). However, if the maximum number of retries hasbeen met, then an XML document is created and stored in the Non-AlertNotify Queue for use by the Notification Service in generating acommunication to the end user and/or system administrator specifyingthat the registration attempt failed. Step 530.

It should be understood that registration may also entail assigning auser 25 to an account or group(s) in the account. For example, the user25 may log into the system with a particular account specific name andpassword. Furthermore, assigning a user 25 to a group may be automatic,based on predetermined factors, such as name, position, etc., set by theaccount owner and implemented in the Business Logic Layer 410.Furthermore, part of the registration may include a user selection ofservice level including, for example, payment based on: number of alertsgenerated (as tracked in the Service Log Table); selection of one ormore of a list of potentially active alert parameter (as maintained inthe Alert Threshold Table; type of Alert Device and/or interface device;account display capability; whether historical data points are storedand, if so, for how long; and essentially any other condition the systemhas the ability to track or control.

Turning to FIGS. 6 a and 6 b, the process of receiving and processingincoming data from the Device 100 will now be described. As shown in thearchitectural schematic of FIG. 6 a, data is received by the ASP 200from the Device. In the present embodiment, Devices 100 report devicedata: 1) when polled by the Polling Service 450; 2) in response to aregular data request; 3) in response to an on-demand user request; 4)when reporting an alert; or 5) when pushing data in response to the timecall command.

The Data Monitor Service 445, performs a high level parsing of thereceived device data. Such parsing essentially entails taking a singlereceived packet of data, determining whether or not the received datapacket represents actual data sent by a Device 100, performing any errordeterminations and/or calculations, and setting priorities, where,according to the present embodiment, alerts are given higher prioritiesthan non-alert messages.

Once the Data Monitor Service 445 performs the high level parsing of thereceived messages, the Data Monitor Service 445 creates an XML documentand places it in either an alert queue or non-alert queue, asappropriate. As described in greater detail below with regard to FIG. 6b, the Data Processor Service 445 accesses the XML in the Alert andNon-Alert Queues and proceeds to create and store an XML document ineither the Alert Notify Queue or Non-Alert Notify Queue. The DataProcessor Service 455 stores the message in either the Non-Alert NotifyQueue, if the received message does not relate to an alert (e.g., isreceived in response to a regular data request), or an alert notifyqueue, if the received message relates to an alert. It should be notedthat were the ASP 200 receives a registration message from the Device100, no entry is created in Non-Alert Notify Queue, as no notificationis required. Similarly, were the device data is to be provided to user25 via the website, no entry is created in the Non-Alert Notify Queue,as no notification message is required.

A common set of software objects of the Middle Tier 400 also interactwith the Data Processor Service 455 to store the parsed data in the PD300. Such storage includes, for example, storing the relevant data inthe Device Log Table, Device Log Values Table, Service Log Table and anyother relevant tables.

The Data Processor Service 455 also generates the ASP 200acknowledgement messages in response to receiving messages (other thanDevice acknowledgement messages) from the Device 100. The Data ProcessorService 455 also removes the record in the Device Message Table when aresponsive message from the Device 100 has been received.

The Non-Alert Notify and Alert Notify Queues are accessed by theNotification Service 465 of the Middle Tier 400. In general, theNotification Service 465 generates and sends a notification message foreach entry in the Non-Alert Notify and Alert Notify Queues based upondata in the queue XML documents. As noted above, the NotificationService 465 also creates a record in the notification table for eachactive alert notification on a per Device basis for tracking a response.Furthermore, because each notification is associated with a particulardevice (or Device, as identified by the device ID.), the appropriatealert device may be identified in the device alert device table. Asnoted above, the notification service also handles non-alertnotification, for example, the collection of data from the Device 100 inresponse to a user request or based upon a predetermined polling of theDevice 100. Such device data is sent to the user 25 via either an AlertDevice or user interface device, as dictated by the Notification Service465 and relevant tables.

Also illustrated in FIG. 6 a is the optional SQL script, which generatesweekly reports of service activity for each device, and the ServiceMonitor 475, which monitors the functioning of all services. In general,the Service Monitor 475 communicates with each of the services using theprotocol (e.g., UDP or TCP) of that service to determine whether or notsuch service is operating correctly.

FIG. 6 b is a flow chart of the process of receiving data from theDevice 100 and, more specifically, of operation of the Data ProcessorService 455 of the Middle Tier. The data processor service receives theparsed device data in the form of an XML document from the Alert andNon-Alert Queues. Step 602. Based on which queue the XML document isreceived from, the Data Processor Service 455 knows whether or not thedata is an alert. Step 604. As illustrated, the particular steps takenby the Data Processor Service 455 depends upon this initialdetermination.

In the event the received data is an alert, the data processor serviceproceeds to determine whether or not the alert is a sensor alert. Step610. If not, the data processor service continues with sub-processes Aand B. More specifically, sub-process A includes creating an XMLdocument containing the relevant device data and proceeding to store andlog the relevant data in the PD. More specifically, where the devicedata contains non-alert sensor data, the data processor service createsrecords in the Device Log Values Table, and Device Log Table, storingthe relevant data and assigning the timestamps. Process B generallyincludes creating the XML document and storing it in the appropriateNotify Queue for use by the Notification Service. Step 612. Step 614.Once the entry is created in the Notify Queue, the process for thereceived device data is completed and the Middle Tier awaits receipt ofthe next device data. Step 616.

If the alert is a sensor alert, the data processor service preferablyproceeds to determine whether or not the particular sensor alert hasalready been received and thus deemed active. Step 618. Suchdetermination involves accessing the notification table to determinewhether or not a corresponding entry for the particular sensor exists.Alternatively, the Device Log Table is inspected for an active alert. Ifthe sensor alert is already active, then the process is deemed complete.Step 616. However, if the sensor alert is not already active, then thedata processor service proceeds to reevaluate the alert to determinewhether or not the sensor alert should indeed be made active. Step 620,622. Such reevaluation typically entails a reapplication of theparticular alert threshold rules. In alternative embodiments, however,no reevaluation is performed.

In the event the alert should not be active, the process is deemedcomplete. Step 616. On the other hand, if the sensor alert should bemade active, then the data processor service proceeds with sub-processA, thereby creating the appropriate records in the Device Log ValuesTable, Device Log Table, and Service Log Table. Step 624.

Having determined that the sensor alert should be made active, theservice proceeds with suspending regular data request polling (if any)by setting the polling flag in the device table. Step 626. According tothe present embodiment, the service also proceeds by initiating an alerttest request polling of the device to ensure that the Device 100 is nolonger in the alert state. Step 628. In general, such an alert testinvolves updating the request state field in the device table andsending a request message to the Device for a sensor reading.

The evaluation of sensor alert data continues with the data processorservice writing the necessary flags to indicate the suspension ofpolling and alert test request and the creation of an XML document withthe flags (Step 632), which is stored in the PD 300 (Step 634). Once thedata is stored in the PD 300, the process is deemed completed. Step 616

Having described the operation of the data processor service with regardto alert data, the process with regard to non-alert data will now bedescribed. Upon determining that the received data is non-alert data(Step 604), the service proceeds with determining whether or not thenon-alert data was received in response to a request. Step 650. If thenon-alert data is not received in response to a request, then theprocess continues with sub-process A, namely creating an XML documentcontaining the data and storing and logging such data the PD, namely inthe Device Log Values and Device Log Tables. Once the data has beenstored, the process is completed. Step 616.

In the event the data processor service determines the non-alert datawas received in response to a request, the service removes thecorresponding message from the Device Message Table. Step 654. Theservice insures that a duplicate, unnecessary message is not sent to theDevice 100 when a message already exists for that Device 100. Theprocess proceeds with sub Process A, the creation the XML document andstorage of the non-alert data in the PD. Step 656.

Once it is determined that the data is in response to a request, theservice determines whether or not the non-alert data has been receivedin response to a data request. Step 658. If not, then the processcontinues to determine whether or not the data was received in responseto a configuration request. Step 660. If not, the process continues withsub process A, namely storing the device data. If the data was receivedin response to a configuration request, then Device 100 may return theconfiguration data stored at the Device 100 for validating. Step 662.Determining whether the data was received in response to a configurationrequest entails accessing the PD 300 to determine whether or not theconfiguration flag associated with the particular Device had been set orchecking the last message sent to the Device 100 by reference to theDevice Message Table.

If the non-alert data was received in response with data request, thenthe data processor service sets a data ready flag associated with theparticular device. Step 664. More specifically, the data ready flagindicates to the Middle Tier that data has been received from the deviceand may be processed.

More specifically, once the data ready flag is set, the servicedetermines whether or not the non-alert data was received in response toa regular data request (or polling request or pushed from the Device 100in response to a Time Call command). Step 666. As noted above, theMiddle Tier of the present embodiment issues regular data requests atpredetermined intervals to acquire location and sensor data from thedevices. The service determines whether or not a regular data requesthad been made, and thus the data was received in response to such arequest. In the event the data was received in response to a regulardata request, the process continues with the service creating an XMLdocument for the non-alert notify queue and posting the document (Step668), at which time the process has been completed. Step 616. The resultis a message to the user 25 with the non-alert device data.

If the non-alert data was not received in response to a regular datarequest (or polling request or pushed from the Device 100 in response toa Time Call command), then the service proceeds to determine whether ornot it was in response to an alert test. Step 670. If not, the processis deemed completed. Step 616.

If the data was in response to an alert test request, then the dataprocessor service proceeds to reevaluate the data to determine whetheror not the alert threshold has been met or exceeded (Step 672), therebydetermining whether or not in the alert condition is still active (Step674). If the alert condition is still active, then the process is deemedcomplete. Step 616. With the alert still active, the Middle Tier willcontinue processing the alert data and notifying the user as describedabove.

On the other hand, if the service determines that the alert conditionsare not met and that the alert is not still active, then the serviceproceeds to deactivate the alert, by changing the alert flag andremoving the entry in the notification table, and restoring regularpolling activity of the device (if any), by setting the poll flag in thedevice table. Having deactivated the alert and restored regular pollingactivity, the process is deemed completed.

It should be noted that the foregoing description of incoming dataessentially also covers outgoing messages to the user 25 that containdevice data. Such messages may be in response to regular requests,polling requests, or on-demand requests, or pushed by the Device 100 dueto the Time Call Command or triggering of an alert. To summarize such aprocess, the ASP 200 receives the device message and the Data MonitorService 445 creates an XML entry in the Non-Alert or Alert Queue, fornon-alert data or alert data, respectively. The XML entry includes thedevice ID and other device data. The Data Processor Service 455 thencreates an XML document in either the Non-Alert Notify Queue or AlertNotify Queue, respectively. Finally, the Notification Service 465generates the corresponding messages to the end user 25. For each alertmessage, the Notification Service creates a record in the NotificationTable, the existence of which indicates an active alert message forwhich a user acknowledgement is awaited. If no acknowledgement isreceived, the Notification Service 465 resends the alert messageaccording to the Alert Device and Device Alert Device Tables (e.g.,priority of Alert Devices).

The process of transmitting outgoing data (i.e., data from the back endto the Device) will now be described with reference to the architecturalschematic of FIG. 7A and the process flow chart of FIG. 7B. In general,the sending of a message from the back end to a Device maybe initiatedin one of two ways: in response to receiving an end user input, such asa request to enable or disable a particular sensor, to modify athreshold parameter or to perform an on-demand request for device data(step 702), and by the polling service of the Middle Tier accessing thePD and determining that the polling frequency mandates the issuance of aregular data request to the Device (steps 704, 706).

In response to either an end user request or a regular data request, theMiddle Tier identifies the Device corresponding to the end user or theregular data request, and it creates a record in the device message typetable and the device message table, thereby assigning a device messageID. (Step 708). Furthermore, the Middle Tier identifies the particulartype of message (device message type id) of the message to be sent. Forexample, the message type maybe: request to disable or enable one ormore sensors, modify one or more threshold parameters, issue anon-demand request, issue a regular data request, and the like. Havingcreated the records in the device message table and device message typetable, the Middle Tier (the Business Logic Layer in the presentembodiment) assembles the message packet, causes the message to be sent.(Step 710).

Once the message packet is sent to the Device 100, the Data Processorservice of the Middle Tier essentially determines whether or not thedevice received the message. More specifically, the Data Processorservice determines whether the device sent, and the back end received,an acknowledgement message. (Step 712). The Data Processor Service thenremoves the appropriate record in the Device Message Table. Because theincoming data process involves the removal of the record in the devicemessage table pertaining to a particular message when an acknowledgementfor that message is received, any existing record in the device messagetable corresponds to a message for which no acknowledgement has beenreceived. For each record in the device message table the communicationservice will attempt to resend the message based on the device messagedate time stamp, which indicates when the message was originally sent,and the retry interval specified in the device message type table forthe message.

Prior to resending the message, the communication service alsodetermines whether the message has been resent a predetermined number oftimes without receiving an acknowledgement and, therefore, should resultin an error notification. More specifically, the communication servicecompares the retry count to the maximum retry count stored in thetables. (Step 714). If the retry count does not equal the maximum retrycount, then the communication service increments the retry count (Step716) and attempts to resend the message (Step 718).

In the event an acknowledgement has been received, as evidenced by thelack of a record in the device message table, then the message is deemedto have been received by the Device. As noted above, removal of therecord from the device message table and removal of the message packetfrom the queue is technically part of the incoming data flow process.(Step 720).

If the communication service determines that the retry count equals themaximum retry count (in Step 714), then the communication serviceremoves the message packet from the queue so as to avoid further retries(Step 722) and creates an XML document and posts it to the non-alertnotify queue (Step 724).

As noted above, the notification service runs, extracting entries fromthe non-alert and alert notify queues and generates communications basedthereon. (Step 726).

More specifically, the communication service creates an XML document forplacement in a notify queue based on the information in the devicemessage table and device message type table. By specifying the detailsof the message, the notification service is able to generate a specificcommunication and direct it accordingly. For example, as noted above,the notification service may generate a communication indicating thatthe regular data request failed or the maximum retry count was met.

Industrial Applicability Student Monitoring

This particular application is directed at locating, monitoring and/ortracking children. In particular, this application is directed atlocating, monitoring and/or tracking children as they enter and exit aspecially equipped school bus. The basic components of the system aredepicted in FIG. 10.

With reference to FIG. 10, the system comprises a school bus 1140 havingan entrance or door 1160 that is equipped with an RF receiver 1380. Thebus also has a receiving/transmitting device 1120 mounted or otherwiseinstalled thereon. Device 1120 comprises a wireless positioning receiver1400, such as a GPS receiver, and a wireless transceiver 1420.

In this particular application, a student or child 1180 is equipped withor otherwise provided a RFID 1200. The RFID 1200 is programmed touniquely identify the child 1180 in a manner known in the art. RFID's1200 are well known in the art and are commercially available from anumber of companies, such as Knogo Corp. or its successor Video SentryCorporation. As the child 1180 enters bus 1140, RF receiver 1380interrogates RFID 1200 in a manner known in the art, thus identifyingthat child 1180 has entered bus 1140. This information is thentransmitted to or is otherwise available to Device 1120. The time thatchild 1180 enters the bus is also stored by or otherwise available toDevice 1120. The time data can be gathered from the GPS receiver, can bedetermined by other on board clock systems, or in any other manner knownin the art. The system determines that child 1180 has entered the bus1140 and stores this information together with the time the child 1180entered. The system also monitors whether or not the child exits bus1140 and if so, logs the fact and the time that the child leaves bus1140. This information is also stored by or otherwise accessible todevice 1120. In a preferred embodiment, the driver 1240 of bus 1140 isalso equipped or otherwise provided with an RFID 1260. Data from theRFID 1260 is transmitted to or otherwise accessible to device 1120 sothat the system can track or determine who is driving bus 1140 at anytime.

Device 1120 is in two-way wireless communication with ApplicationService Provider (ASP) 1280. The two-way communication between Device1120 and ASP 1280 may occur, for example, via ground stations (notshown). ASP 1280 is in two-way communication with a computer network,such as the Internet 1300. Internet 1300 is in two-way communicationwith a number of individual networks, computers or other devices, suchas school 1320, individual parents 1340, and a parking garage 1360. Thecommunications between the various systems, i.e., ASP 1280, Internet1300, school 1320, parents 1340 and garage 1360 can be wireless ordirect connection as a matter of application specific design choice. Inany event, the various systems can access and communicate with ASP 1280and in turn, with device 1120 on bus 1140.

The basic operation of the system will now be described. As student 1180enters bus 1140, RF receiver 1380 interrogates RFID 1200, thusidentifying that student 1180 has entered bus 1140. The system logs inor otherwise stores the fact that student 1180 has entered the bus andalso logs in or otherwise stores the time and, in a preferredembodiment, the particular location at which student 1180 entered bus1140, which can be determined from the GPS signal. The system alsoidentifies the driver 1240 of bus 1140. This information, e.g., when andwhere student 1180 entered the bus, and who is driving bus 1140, isstored or otherwise accessible to device 1120 and is capable of beingtransmitted wirelessly to ASP 1280 by transceiver 1420 of device 1120.In a preferred embodiment, RFID 1200 and/or student 1180 may also beprovided a sensor, such as a temperature sensor, to confirm whether theRFID is physically on student 1180. This sensor information would alsobe transmitted to or otherwise accessible to Device 1120 and ASP 1280.

This information can be transmitted to ASP 1280 either for example,periodically, by request of an end-user, by request of driver 1240 or inthe case of an emergency (e.g., triggered upon the deployment of airbags or other collision sensors on bus 1140). Other data is alsoavailable to ASP 1280, such as, for example, the location of bus 1140,its speed, and any other measured or determined condition within the bussuch as temperature, humidity, etc.

It is desirable for parents and/or authorized school officials to beable to track or monitor when and where various students get on or offthe bus. The system of the present invention provides such a means. Forexample, a parent 1340 of child 1180, who has been given an appropriatepassword or other security device, can log on to the ASP 1280 via acomputer network, such as the Internet 1300. Parent 1340 can, in realtime, determine whether their child 1180 has entered bus 1140 and wherethis occurred. Parent 1340 can also determine whether and where theirchild 1180 got off bus 1140. Parent 1340 can also confirm, via sensordata, whether child 1180 is still wearing or otherwise in possession ofRFID 1200. Parent 1340 can also send requests to ASP 1280. That is, forexample, if parent 1340 confirmed that child was on bus 1140 asdescribed above, but wished to know where bus 1140 was at thatparticular moment, parent 1340 could request such information from ASP1280. Such information could be derived from the GPS data received bydevice 1120 and transmitted to ASP 1280. Such capabilities would also beavailable to authorized school officials at school 1320. Of course,various security precautions would need to be incorporated in the systemto ensure that only authorized individuals have access to such personalinformation. The system of the present invention will bring great peaceof mind to parents and school officials as a convenient and inexpensivesystem for tracking and locating students in a real time fashion.

The system also provides for additional benefits for the school system.For example, when the bus 1140 returns to the parking garage 1360, thevarious data can be analyzed to confirm that every student that got onthe bus also got off the bus. If a child happened to be lost, the schoolcould check the records to confirm whether, where, and when the childgot on and/or off the bus. The school could also monitor the drivingpattern of the driver 1240 by checking or monitoring, for example, thespeed of bus 1140 over the driver's route that day. By using the variousdata gathered and stored by the system described above, detailed reportscould be automatically generated.

Various modifications, additions, or substitutions of the componentsdescribed above could be made without departing from the spirit of theinvention described above. For example, while the system has beendescribed as a system for monitoring children on a school bus, thesystem would work equally well as a system for monitoring the entry andexit of any individual or object that enters and exits a confined area,such as, for example, tourists on a bus trip, prison inmates travelingbetween two locations, packages shipped between locations, etc.

Food Quality Monitoring System

The particular application depicted in FIG. 11 is directed at locating,monitoring and/or tracking food. In particular, this application isdirected at locating, monitoring and/or tracking food as it is intransit.

As seen in FIG. 11, the system comprises a truck or other food container2140 having a food item 2180 therein. The truck is equipped with areceiving/transmitting Device 2120 mounted or otherwise installedthereon. In this particular application, Device 2120 comprises awireless positioning receiver 2400, such as a GPS receiver, a wirelesstransceiver 2420 and a sensor 2440. Sensor 2440 may be any type ofsensor applicable to measuring, tracking, or confirming a parameterrelated to the quality of food item 2180 such as, for example, atemperature sensor, humidity sensor, or gas sensor to name a few. Sensor2440 is coupled to, transmits, or otherwise makes such data available todevice 2120, and in particular, transceiver 2420 of Device 2120.

Device 2120 is in two-way communication with ASP 2280 via a wirelesscommunication system 2200. ASP 2280 is in two-way communication with acomputer network, such as the Internet 2300. Internet 2300 is in two-waycommunication with a number of individual networks, computers, or otherdevices, such as, for example, transportation company 2320, foodproducer 2340, customer 2360, or a government agency 2380, to name afew. The communications between the various systems, i.e.,transportation company 2320, food producer 2340, customer 2360, or agovernment agency 2380 can be wireless or direct connection as a matterof application-specific design choice. In any event, the various systemscan access and communicate with ASP 2280 and, in turn, with Device 2120on truck 2140.

The basic operation of the system will now be described. As food item2180 is placed on a truck 2140 or other shipping container. A Device2120 is placed on or near food item 2180. The actual physical locationof Device 2120 in relation to food item 2180 is immaterial, so long assensor 2440 of Device 2120 can adequately monitor the desired parameterof food item 2180. Sensor 2440 gathers or otherwise determines sensordata relating to the parameter to be monitored. This sensor data isstored by, or is otherwise accessible to, Device 2120 and, inparticular, transceiver 2420. GPS receiver 2400 receives data from GPSsatellite 2100. The GPS data, as well as the sensor data, is availableto transceiver 2420 for wireless transmission to ASP 2280, which in turnmakes this information available to Internet 2300, upon which suchinformation is available to authorized end-users.

The information can be transmitted to ASP 2280 either, for example,periodically, by request of an end-user, or by request of the driver oroperator of truck 2140, to name a few. Other data is also available toASP 2280, such as, for example, the location of truck 2140, its speed,distance traveled, time since departure, time to arrival, etc.

It is desirable for various end-users and/or authorized officials to beable to track or monitor the safety and/or quality conditions of food intransit. The system of the present invention provides such a means. Forexample, a customer 2360 of food item 2180, who has been given anappropriate password or other security device, can log on to ASP 2280via a computer network, such as the Internet 2300. Customer 2360 can, inreal time, determine where their food shipment is in transit, check ormonitor the condition or quality of the food item in transit, monitorthe distance traveled by the food item, and estimate, in real time, thetime of arrival of the food item. The transportation company 2320 cansimilarly monitor the quality of the food item, track the amount of timethe truck and/or driver have been in transit, monitor the speed thetruck is or has been traveling, and estimate, in real time, when thetruck should arrive at the customer's location. Similarly, the foodproducer 1340 can monitor the quality of the food in transit should adispute arise with either the customer 2360 or the transportationcompany 2320 or others. In fact, the system will permit each party todocument the quality of the food item at each stage in the deliveryprocess. Such documentation may serve as a “Stamp of Approval” that thefood item was maintained in a safe condition while in its possession.Finally, an appropriate government agency 2380 can also monitor, in realtime, the quality of the nation's food supply, as well as monitoring thetime the particular driver and/or vehicle have been in transit shouldany problems or accidents occur. In any event, each of the partiesinvolved can monitor the quality of the food item, in real time, whileit is in transit.

Various modifications, additions or substitutions of the componentsdescribed above could be made without departing from the spirit of theinvention described above. For example, while the system has beendescribed as a system for monitoring food on a truck, the system wouldwork equally well as a system for monitoring the quality of food on atrain or plane. Similarly, the system could monitor various parametersthat might be important to the shippers of various valuable items suchas artwork, where the humidity and temperature within the container maybe important factors.

Sleep Monitoring System

Yet another exemplary application of the systems described hereinrelates to monitoring the wake and sleep states of individuals. Such anapplication will now be described with reference to FIG. 12. As showntherein, individuals, such as operators of automobiles and machinery,infants, or individuals with sleeping disorders wear EEG sensors. Theoutput from the EEG sensor is coupled to the belt unit by any of thenumber of means. The belt unit, in turn, transmits the output from theEEG sensor to an antenna and to ASP.

ASP is able to determine whether the individual wearing the sensor is ina wake state or sleep state based on analysis of the EEG sensor output.As described in Alberto, Claude, et al. “The Quantification of Sleep andWakefulness in 2 Second Epochs of EEG”, and Alberto, Claude et al.,“Computerized Quantification of Sleep and Wakefulness in the EEG”,available from the Sleep Disorders Center, Winthrop Hospital and SUNYHealth Sciences Center at Stony Brook, Mineola, N.Y., both of which areincorporated by reference herein, a function of the value of the EEGsensor output corresponds to the state of the individual. As describedin the Alberto references cited above, a positive output indicates theindividual being in a wake state, and a negative value indicates theindividual being in a sleep state. Thus, the ASP includes a programmedcomputer that calculates the relevant function of EEG signal andmonitors the function of the EEG signal for the transition betweenpositive and negative values, a transition that typically occurs over afew minutes.

Upon detecting the transition from the wake state to the sleep state,ASP provides feedback to the portable unit which, in the presentembodiment, includes a waking device, such as an audible alarm, visualalarm, tactile alarm, such as a mild electronic shock, and the like.

In addition, the ASP makes the EEG signal available to end-users via asecure website on the Internet. The ASP also provides the analysis ofthe EEG signal on the website, including information on whether theindividual is awake or asleep, historical data concerning the EEGsignal, frequency information concerning the EEG signal, and the like.

The end-users may include any of a number of individuals and entities.For example, the wearer himself may choose to periodically access theASP website to view information concerning his EEG signal patterns. Thewearer's doctor or physician may also have access to the website forfurther analyzing the EEG signals. Such further analysis by a physicianis particularly useful where the individual wearing the device has asleeping disorder or where the individual is an infant at risk forsudden infant death syndrome.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the physician isgiven control over the type of feedback supplied to the wearer. Forexample, based on the individual's EEG pattern, the physician may selectactivation of the waking device at regular intervals or at particulartimes in the day.

It is to be understood that the analysis performed by the ASP may, inalternate embodiments, be performed or partly performed by the beltunit. For example, the belt unit may include a microprocessor programmedto detect the transition between the positive EEG signal and negativeEEG signal and, based thereon, transmit a signal to the ASP. In yetanother embodiment, the belt unit not only senses the transition betweenthe wake state and sleep state, but also automatically provides wakingstimulus via a waking device.

Waste Monitoring System

Yet another application of the system described herein involvesmonitoring hazardous waste, and will be described with reference to FIG.13.

As shown in FIG. 13, the system may be applied to monitor the positionof hazardous waste such as that contained within mobile or stationarycontainers or landfills and the like. More specifically, portabledevices may be affixed to drums carrying waste, and may include sensorsboth external and internal to the drum. External sensors may detectseepage of the waste outside of the drum, and sensors located within thedrum may detect seepage of ambient conditions into the drum; eithercondition identifying leakage. Furthermore, where the waste containersare mobile, the portable units include location-tracking components,such as GPS receivers described above. It is to be understood that theparticular type of sensors used depends upon the waste being monitored,and they include sensors for detecting particular chemicals, gases,radioactivity, and the like.

The positioning information and the output from the sensors aretransmitted to the ASP via a wireless communication system. The ASP, inturn, monitors the position and sensor outputs. In one embodiment, theASP makes such position and sensor information available on a securewebsite via the Internet. Potential end-users having access to suchwebsite may include local and Federal regulatory agencies, residents,and other end-users.

The ASP may also perform various analyses on the location informationand sensor information. For example, the ASP has stored in the PD tablescertain thresholds, the occurrence of which causes the ASP to send analarm to anyone of the end-users. With regard to location, the ASP maydetermine whether the waste is within or without of a certainjurisdiction. For example, a state government may hire the ASP to trackwaste to ensure that it does not leave the State without approval.Conversely, a particular State may hire the ASP to notify it in theevent any waste enters the State. In short, the ASP can track any typeof movement of the waste and notify any end-user of such movement. Withregard to sensor output, the ASP may determine whether there is leakagefrom any container and whether such a leakage is above a limit set by,for example, a Federal Agency. In the event there is leakage above aparticular threshold, the ASP could automatically contact and dispatch acontainment and clean-up crew to a particular location.

Also as illustrated in the FIG. 13, Devices may be disbursed in andaround a landfill or other stationary containment area. In such anembodiment, Devices would consist of sensors both above and belowground. Furthermore, the Devices may include identification means suchas flags, lights, automobile sounds, and the like. In such anembodiment, the ASP may monitor the location of the Devices and sensoroutputs to determine whether unauthorized waste has been deposited,whether unacceptable seepage of contaminants has occurred, and the like.In one embodiment, Devices can be installed adjacent a privateresidence, including in or near the residence water supply, and onbehalf of such resident, monitor for any contaminants. As with thepreviously described application, the ASP may make monitor informationavailable via the Internet or other device and may notify anypredetermined individual or entity upon the detection of a given levelof contaminant.

In any of the foregoing waste monitoring systems, the ASP may identifywhich Device detected the alarm condition, note the Device's location,which is provided to the end-user, and preferably activate an audible,visual, or other location beacon on the Device. Such activation isachieved by the ASP transmitting an interrogation signal havingmodulated in it the Device ID of the particular Device. The Device, inturn, receives the interrogation signal and, based on local logic,determines that the modulated ID matches the Device's stored ID andactivates the beacon.

Guiding/Training System

As illustrated in the schematic of FIG. 14, yet another embodiment thesystem described herein may be used to provide feedback to a user forthe general purposes of guiding, training, and protecting the user. Atourist, jogger, or other traveling individual has a Device according tothe present invention, including one or more sensors, such as knowsensors for reading pulse rate, temperature, blood oxygen, and the like,and a feedback or output unit, such as a pair of headphones, digitaldisplay, and the like, both of which are coupled to the Device. Asdescribed above, the Device also includes GPS location tracking sensors.

In operation, the ASP continuously or periodically receives GPS locationtracking information and sensor outputs, thereby tracking the user'slocation and various biological variables. Having received suchinformation, the ASP preferably stores the information and makes itavailable to users via a secure system web site on the Internet. In analternate embodiment, the ASP communicates with the end-users via any ofa number of communication paths, including LAN, WAN, voice/cellular, andthe like. More specifically, the ASP preferably provides both real-timelocation and sensor data, as well as historical information, such asaverage speed (based on change in location over time), average pulse,average blood oxygen content, and other data available from the sensorsand location. Such averages may be taken over various time periods, suchas months, days, hours, etc., or taken over discrete events, such as arunner's training interval, or over the time period the user is in aparticular location.

The ASP may further perform certain analysis on the received locationand sensor data and make such analysis available via the system website. This analysis, preferably performed by software running on ageneral-purpose computer, may include a comparison of the location andsensor data to predefined thresholds. In one such embodiment, the ASPcompares actual location and time data to predetermined location andtime data, thereby determining whether the user is “behind” or “ahead ofschedule.” Such information may be particularly useful to deliveryservices and athletes training. Another analysis performed by the ASPincludes determining whether the location and/or sensor data eitherexceeds a predetermined threshold or is within a certain range and thelike. For example, the ASP may determine whether a runner training for arace maintains her heart rate or blood glucose level within a certainrange.

As noted above, the system of the present embodiment further includes afeedback device. Accordingly, any of the information received by theASP, derived by the ASP, or stored by the ASP may be transmitted back tothe user via cellular or other communication means and received by thefeedback device. In one embodiment, the user is a jogger and thefeedback information relevant to training, such as actual speed, heartrate, blood sugar level as compared to optimum or predetermined levels,is provided via the feedback device, such as earphones. In anotherembodiment, the feedback comprises information pertinent to location andthe user's surroundings. In such an embodiment, the ASP maintains adatabase of sites of interest, such as tourist attractions, restaurants,museums, and the like, and automatically provides the user with suchinformation based on user preferences and/or user location. Morespecifically, the ASP's computer system is programmed to track userlocation, retrieve from memory indications of the user's preferences,retrieve stored information pertaining to all sites, filter theinformation according to the user's preferences, and provide theresulting information to the user. The information provided to the usermay be in any of a number of forms, including voice via the earphones(such as “the nearest American food restaurant is two blocks west”), andvia a digital display, including a map of the user's then currentsurroundings with points of interest highlighted. In short, any type ofinformation may be stored by the ASP and provided to the user.

Other design-specific applications and devices are set forth in theaccompanying materials, the details of which will be apparent to one ofskill in the art upon reading and understanding the accompanyingmaterials.

Micro-Irrigation System

The embodiment of FIG. 15 provides a device for remotely monitoring anenvironmental parameter indicative or whether an object, such as anolive tree, needs irrigation or fertilization. By way of non-limitingexamples, such environmental parameters may be the water content,humidity, temperature, or pH of the soil or the air proximate a tree.The Device is placed proximate the tree. The Device comprises a receiverfor receiving position data from the GPS, a sensor(s) for measuring orotherwise determining the environmental parameter, and a transmitter fortransmitting the position data and parameter data to an ASP and therebymade available to an end-user in the manner described above. A user canaccess this information to determine whether that particular tree needswatering or fertilizer. Further, the Device of the present invention mayalso be part of a system for providing automatic irrigation of the tree.That is, the Device can be incorporated into an overall irrigationsystem for providing automatic and precise micro-irrigation of isolatedplants and/or areas. For example, the Device can be used to determine ifa particular tree needs water. If so, the Device can transmit thisinformation and the location of the tree to the ASP wirelessly or bydirect wire-to-wire connection. The Device could also transmit theprecise location of the tree via the GPS data received by the Device.Thus, by accessing the ASP, the user would know whether the tree needsto be irrigated, and would also know the precise location of the tree.The user could then irrigate that particular tree, and no others, thussaving valuable water resources. The system could also be programmed toautomatically irrigate the tree on a predetermined schedule, withoutuser input.

The Device may be incorporated into a system for monitoring theirrigation requirements for a plant, tree, or other object requiringperiodic or aperiodic irrigation, for example, as set stored in a systemdatabase in the ASP. More specifically, a Device may be positionedproximate a tree, and may include sensor(s) for detecting a condition orseries of conditions which indicate that irrigation (or fertilization)of the tree or a group of trees is required. It is to be understood thatthe particular type of sensor(s) used depends upon the particularcondition being monitored, and includes, for example, sensors fordetecting temperature, humidity, pH, and the like. The sensor(s) may belocated above or below ground. The Device may also include locationtracking components, such as a GPS receiver as described above or theDevice may be pre-programmed with the location data or may bepre-programmed with an identifying characteristic to permit the ASP todetermine its location without the need of or in combination with theGPS data.

The positioning information and the output from the sensors aretransmitted to an ASP wirelessly via an antenna or in a directwire-to-wire connection (not shown). The ASP, in turn, monitors orotherwise determines the position of the Device and monitors orotherwise determines the sensor outputs to monitor the desiredenvironmental parameter.

A specific application of the system will now be described withreference to FIG. 15. Device A monitors the environmental parameter(s)proximate tree A, and this information is transmitted wirelessly to theASP. The ASP can determine which particular tree is being monitoredeither by receiving the GPS data from Device A or by receiving anidentification code or other pre-programmed data from Device Aidentifying Device A as being proximate tree A. The Devices may alsoinclude identification means such as flags, lights, automobile sounds,and the like. If the ASP determines that tree A is in need ofirrigation, the ASP can automatically open remote control valve A toirrigate tree A. Of course, the system may also be operated manuallywhereby a technician is instructed or otherwise advised that tree Aneeds attention so the technician can manually open remote control valveA. The system can be adapted to irrigate tree A for a certain amount oftime or to deliver a certain amount of water depending on the parameterdata received from Device A either alone or in conjunction with otherdata received by or programmed into the ASP.

If the ASP determines that trees A and D, for example, need irrigation,then the ASP may open up both remote valves A and D. Similarly, if theASP determines that all the trees in the entire area 1 need irrigation,the ASP can open up area control valve 1 to irrigate trees A, B, C andD. The ASP can similarly open area control valves 2 and 3 to irrigateareas 2 and 3 (not shown). Thus, the system of the present inventionprovides for micro-irrigation of the trees, thus saving valuable waterresources. The system can also save valuable manual resources byproviding for the automatic monitoring and irrigation of individualtrees and/or areas.

Domestic Pets and Livestock

As illustrated in FIG. 16, an application of the system includes themonitoring and location of pets. Such a system consists of a wristwatch-size Device comprising a GPS receiver, transceiver, data storage,and a self-powered battery worn on or otherwise implanted in the pet. Ifthe pet is lost, the pet owner may notify the ASP through the system website or a CMC. The CMC agent will locate pet upon the owner's requestand either inform the owner and/or notify an agency that will retrievethe pet and bring it to its owner. The Device could be also used tolocate the pet upon the owner's request. The system can also be adaptedfor related services, such as notifying an agency to physically locatethe pet and identifying pets if disputes arise. Potential customersinclude pet owners. An alternative embodiment of the aforementionedapplication of the invention is capable of creating a virtual fence tokeep pets from wandering away. Such an embodiment would include a Deviceequipped with an output unit capable of producing some stimulus to thepet if the it were to wander outside a predetermined distance from agiven location. Such stimulus could include a mild electric impulse orthe like. The Device would report the location of the pet to the ASP andgenerate an alarm to the pet owner. With reference to FIG. 16, the ASPwould consist of a Customer Interface, (a CMC and/or system web site)that would connect the pet owner to the system. The Customer Interface,in turn, interfaces with a pet locator software application in the ASP,which associates different end users, for example, a pet owner, ananimal shelter, or a veterinarian with specific alert devices, asdescribed above. The Device communicates with the ASP through a wirelesscommunication network.

In a similar embodiment, a Device comprising a GPS receiver,transceiver, data storage, self-powered, and biosensors are attached tocattle and pigs to monitor and identify them as they pass through thebreeding/production chain up to the production facility. The Devicecould be used to increase the reach of tracking and identificationsystems to farms and production facilities. The system can be adaptedfor related applications such as disease control, inventory management,tracking of cattle and pigs in production facility to specific farms.Potential customers would include farmers and producers.

Luggage Tracking

FIG. 17 illustrates an application of the system for tracking luggage.The system includes a wristwatch size device comprising a GPS receiver,transceiver, and data storage that could be attached to bags at thecheck-in counter and taken off after luggage claim. The Device may beused to locate lost luggage or adapted to detect if luggage has beenopened. The Device could be used to substitute for airline's currentluggage tracking and identification systems, i.e., bar code system.Potential customers would include airlines. Similarly, a wristwatch sizeDevice comprising a GPS receiver, transceiver, data storage, and abattery could be attached to luggage to locate the bag upon the owner'srequest. With reference to FIG. 17, the ASP would consist of a CustomerInterface, (a CMC and/or system web site) which provides bag location tothe end-user. The Customer Interface, in turn, interfaces with a luggagelocation software application in the ASP, which associates differentDevices with different end-users and can map the movement of a bag overtime end users. Bag owners may request to locate their bag via the CMCor the web site. The CMC may also notify the airline with the locationof bag. As in the previous applications, the Device communicates withthe ASP through a wireless communication network. Potential customerswould include passengers and luggage manufacturers.

Heart Monitoring System

FIG. 18 illustrates an application of the system for heart patientmonitoring. A wrist watch-like Device comprising a GPS receiver,wireless transceiver, biosensor, and ECG is worn by person with heartdisease. The Device will transmit GPS signal location to the ASP whenvital signs indicate the need for emergency care. An emergency signalcan be sent to both a 911 station for emergency dispatch and also beprovided to relatives. The ASP will record ECG results for future accessby a physician through a system web site. The Device could be used toallow emergency care and post-event diagnosis. With reference to FIG.18, the ASP would consist of a Customer Interface, (a CMC and/or systemweb site) which provides the interface to the ASP for the end-user, forexample, a physician or a relative, and if so desired, the patienthimself or herself. The Customer Interface, in turn, interfaces withcardio monitor software applications in the ASP and a monitoring centerthat would be linked to doctors, hospitals, and EMS as needed. In analternate embodiment of the current application, the Device contains anoutput unit that can either on command from a physician or automaticallywhen certain conditions are met, administer medication or otherstimulus. As in the previous applications, the Device communicates withthe ASP through a wireless communication network. Potential customersinclude heart disease patients.

Miscellaneous Applications

The following exemplary applications detail further aspects andapplications for the various embodiments of the Devices and supportsystems described above. One of skill in the art, upon reading andunderstanding the invention described herein, will envision how thedevices and support networks described herein can be applied, modifiedadded to, subtracted from, or substituted to operate in connection withthe specific applications described below.

Trans-Oceanic Cargo Tracking

An alternate embodiment is directed at tracking shipping containers.This application utilizes a two-tiered Device, which will be describedbelow. The first tier is a Tag comprised generally of a Radio FrequencyIdentifier (RFID). The second tier is a Base Unit comprised of a RadioFrequency (RF) reader, an antenna or coil, a transceiver and decoder, aGPS receiver, and a wireless transceiver. The Base Unit can be used todetermine what containers are on board a ship, receive positioninformation from the GPS satellites, and transmit the data collectedwirelessly to an ASP, which in turn, can be accessed through a computernetwork, such as the Internet, by an end-user to access the information.

Another important aspect of this embodiment of the invention is the RFIDTag, which is placed on or in each shipping container being tracked andpreferably has a unique ID code. These Tags also preferably containinformation unique to each container. The information programmed in eachTag may differ. One embodiment of this application stores unique numbersidentifying the container associated with each Tag and allows theshipping company to keep inventory on what is in each container. Anotherembodiment stores detail in the Tag on what is being shipped. It wouldbe more efficient to use the prior method and reuse the containers orTags, rather than to use them once or use more costly re-writeable Tags.

Although not essential, the Device could include a power source or havefeatures to connect to a power source in order to power the componentsof the Base Unit. A strong electromagnetic field would be needed toreach all the containers on the ship. Since the power needed isproportional to the strength of the electromagnetic field beinggenerated, an external source of power would be preferable.

The basic operation of this application will now be described. An RFIDTag programmed with unique information is placed in, on, or built intoeach shipping container. The Base Unit is somewhere on the ship,preferably on the deck since GPS signals are hindered by obstacles. TheBase Unit's RF reader interrogates the Tag(s) on board the ship andcollects data from each Tag. If the Base Unit has an internal powersource, it could stand alone, but if not, it is connected to a powersource. The GPS receiver in the Base Unit receives position data fromthe GPS satellites. The antenna or coil in the RF reader creates anelectromagnetic field. The Tag detects the reader's activation signal.The reader decides the data encoded in the Tag. The transceiver in theBase Unit transmits the GPS position and Tag data collected ASP via awireless communication system. The end-user can access informationregarding the location of the shipment via the Internet.

An embodiment of this application can have the electromagnetic fieldconstantly present, however, that would waste power. Alternatively, thefield can be created upon demand, i.e. have it activated by a user atthe ASP. An alternate embodiment can had the field created periodically,however, this creates the problem that the end-user may not know in realtime where a shipment is, i.e., there would be lapses when the exactlocation is unobtainable. If the electromagnetic field is created whenprompted, anyone can locate a shipment at any time.

In another embodiment of the present application, the Tag, without thereceipt of the interrogation signal from the Base Unit, periodicallysends information to the Base Unit. Information relating to the receivedinformation is sent by the Base Unit to the ASP. In yet anotherembodiment according to the present invention, the Base Unit sendsinformation to the ASP in response to a particular circumstancemonitored by the device.

The processing of data relating to, for example, the physical locationand/or the parameters of the object being monitored may occur either inthe Tag, the Base Unit, the ASP or some combination thereof. Forexample, the Base Unit may receive position data from the GPSsatellites. The Base Unit itself may process the data before sending thecalculated physical location to the ASP. Alternatively, the positiondata received by the Base Station may be sent to the ASP, whichprocesses the information and calculates the physical location of theobject. Furthermore, the present invention contemplates a distributedprocessing scheme in which part of the processing of the informationreceived by the device is processed, in part, by a combination of theTag, the Base Unit and/or the ASP. Finally, the Tag may be preprogrammedwith the location data or may be pre-programmed with an identifyingcharacteristic to permit the ASP to determine its location without theneed of or in combination with the GPS data.

Access Clearance

In this application of the invention, a wrist watch-like Devicecomprising a wireless transceiver that activates when approaching alocal receiver, transmits a stored ID to an ASP and stores informationreceived from station for future access applications. The ASP grantsaccess or releases items, and records ID time, and location for futuredata mining purposes. It could be located and deactivated remotely iflost. The Device would allow access only to authorized personnel toautomate and secure item pick-ups and to allow traffic data mining-allwith greater security than a card. Potential customers would includebusiness, government, schools and universities, hospitals, hotels,banks, retailers, amusement parks, stadiums/arenas, sports teams,performance halls, movie theaters, ski resorts, casinos, airlines, etc.

Usage Clearance

In this application of the invention, a wrist watch-like Devicecomprises a wireless transceiver that activates when approachingreceiver-enabled equipment and transmits stored-ID to the equipment.Equipment allows use. The Device could be located and deactivatedremotely if lost. The Device could be used to allow equipment use onlyby authorized person by transmitting ID. Potential customers wouldinclude telecommunication companies, PC makers, office equipmentmanufacturers, automakers, firm arm manufacturers, and PDAmanufacturers.

Payments

In this embodiment of the invention, a Wrist watch-like Device comprisesa wireless transceiver that transmits account information toreceiver-enabled Point-of-Sale (POS). If could be located anddeactivated remotely if lost. Potential customers would includefinancial institutions and retailers.

Visually Impaired Locator

In this embodiment of the invention, a wrist watch-like devicecomprising a GPS receiver and wireless transceiver is worn by thevisually impaired to provide them with their location information. TheDevice will signal location to the ASP on demand from a user. Anend-user can request information via a CMC or through a system web site.The Device could be used to let the blind know their location instantly.Potential customers would include visually impaired people

Parolee Monitor and Locator

In this embodiment of the invention, a wrist watch-like Devicecomprising a GPS receiver, wireless transceiver, and biosensor is wornby a parolee. The Device will signal GPS location to the ASP on demandfrom a law enforcement agency. A law enforcement agent can requestinformation via a system web site or a CMC. If parolee removes theDevice, the lack of vital signs will trigger an alarm to the lawenforcement agency. The Device could be used to locate paroleesinstantly without the risk of them removing the Device. Potentialcustomers would include law enforcement agencies.

Alzheimer Patient Locator

In this embodiment of the invention, a wrist watch-like Devicecomprising a GPS receiver and wireless transceiver is worn by anAlzheimer person that needs to be monitored. The Device will signal GPSlocation in the manner previously described to the ASP eitherperiodically or on demand from the caregiver. The caregiver can requestinformation via the system web site or the CMC. This application can beused to locate any missing person instantly. Potential customers wouldinclude Alzheimer patient relatives or caregivers.

Children Locator and Monitor

In this embodiment of the invention, a wrist watch-like devicecomprising a GPS receiver, wireless transceiver, and biosensor is wornby children. The Device will signal location and vital signs to the ASPon demand from parents. Parents can request information via a system website or CMC. The Device will send a warning signal to the ASP when novital sign are recorded. The ASP will then initiate a call to parentsautomatically or through a CMC. The Device could be used to locatemissing children instantly. Potential customers would include parents,grandparents, or other relatives or authorized guardians.

Kidnapping

In this application of the invention, a wrist watch-like Devicecomprising a GPS receiver, wireless transceiver, and biosensor can beworn by people at risk of being kidnapped. The Device will signallocation to ground station on demand from relatives and/or user.Relatives can request information via a system web site or a CMC. TheDevice could be used to locate kidnapped people. Potential customerswould include high net-worth families.

Protection Forces Monitor and Locator

In this application of the invention, a wristwatch like Devicecomprising a GPS receiver, wireless transceiver, and biosensor is wornby agent that needs to be monitored and located. The Device will signallocation to the ASP on demand from headquarters/camp. Headquarters canrequest information via a system web site or a CMC. The Device could beused to locate an agent in danger instantly and read his/her vital signsremotely. Potential customers would include federal, state, and localprotection agencies, e.g., FBI, CIA, police, fire department, and themilitary, e.g., soldiers, marines, and pilots.

Women Safety Monitor and Locator

In this application of the invention, a wrist watch-like Devicecomprising a GPS receiver, wireless transceiver, and biosensor is wornby woman in potential danger. The Device will signal location to the ASPwhen vital signs show a pre-programmed danger-like pattern. The localpolice department can be advised to rescue the wearer immediately. TheDevice could also allow the user to send an “SOS” signal to the localpolice department when in danger and allow fast determination oflocation. Potential customers would include women and parents of younggirls.

Elder Monitor and Locator

In this application of the invention, a wrist watch-like Devicecomprising a GPS receiver, wireless transceiver, and biosensor is wornby the elderly. The Device will signal GPS location to the ASP on demandfrom a caregiver or when vital signs indicate the need for emergencycare. A Caregiver can request information via a system web site or aCMC. An emergency signal will be sent to a 911 station for ambulancedispatch. The Device could be used to allow emergency care and on-demandlocation. Potential customers would include relatives or caregivers ofelderly people, e.g., those 70 years of age and older.

Extreme Sport Participants Monitor and Locator

In this application of the invention, a wrist watch-like devicecomprising a GPS receiver, wireless transceiver, and biosensor is wornby extreme sport participants. The Device will signal location to theASP on demand from a relative/team member or when vital signs indicatethe need for emergency care. A relative/team member can requestinformation via a system web site or a CMC. An emergency signal will besent to a 911 station for emergency dispatch. The Device could be usedto locate missing participants instantly and read vital signs remotely.Potential customers would include whitewater rafting, kayaking, mountainbiking, rock/mountain climbing, skydiving, and hang glidingparticipants.

Jogger Monitor

In this application of the invention, a wrist watch-like Devicecomprising a wireless transceiver and biosensor is worn by jogger thatwants to monitor his/her vital signs while exercising. The Device willsignal readings to the ASP. The ASP station will record the informationin the PD database for later retrieval on-demand from jogger, doctor, ortrainer via a system web site or a CMC. The Device could be used tomonitor vital signs while exercising to serve and replace routine efforttests and assist trainers. Potential customers include joggers and/ordistance runners, sports teams and/or trainers.

Respiratory Disease Patient Monitor and Locator

In this application of the invention, a wrist watch-like Devicecomprising a GPS receiver, wireless transceiver, and biosensor is woreby a person with respiratory disease. The Device will signal GPSlocation data to the ASP when vital signs indicate the need foremergency care. An emergency signal will be sent to a 911 station foremergency dispatch and a signal will also be provided to a relative. TheDevice could be used to allow opportune emergency care. Potentialcustomers include respiratory disease patients.

Glucose Monitor

In this application of the invention, a wrist watch-like Devicecomprising a wireless transceiver, glucose reader, and LC display thatwill read glucose levels, show reading in display is worn by a personneeding glucose monitoring. The Device sends the data to the ASP and/oractivates an output unit to inject insulin into the wearer. The Devicecould be used to increase frequency and reduce invasiveness of homeglucose testing. Potential customers include diabetes patients.

Endangered Species

In this application of the invention, a Device comprising a GPSreceiver, transceiver, data storage, self-powered, biosensors isattached to mammals and other large animals for various researchprojects and to protect endangered species. The Device could be used totrack migration routes for research purposes, track routes to preventhunting, and other research applications. Potential customers includeGovernment, wildlife federations, and universities.

Car Theft Recovery

In this application of the invention, an after market installedanti-theft/location type Device comprising GPS receiver, transceiver,and battery for car theft recovery is installed in vehicles. A vehicleowner would notify the ASP through a system web site or a CMC that theirvehicle was stolen. The CMC agent will locate the car upon the owner'srequest and inform the police, or the police may have direct access tothe application. The Device could be used to locate a car upon owner'srequest and inform the police. This application of the invention couldpotentially sell at a lower price than a LoJack system (currentlyselling at about $650 per device). Additional vehicle-related servicescould be offered, i.e. medical alert, collision notification, remoteopen/close doors, and disabling the engine. Potential customers wouldinclude car owners, car rental agencies, or other fleet managers.

Valuables Tracking

In this application of the invention, a Device comprising a GPSreceiver, transceiver, and battery is located on valuable art pieces orplace on merchandise mailings. The Device could provide locationservices through a system web site or CMC. The Device could be used tolocate art pieces and merchandise upon owner's request or throughrequest of a shipper. Potential customers would include shippingcompanies, art owners, museums, galleries, private security shippers, orarmored car transportation companies.

Wireless Telephone Headsets

In this application of the invention, a GPS receiver and transceiverdevice could be integrated into a handset. The location of a personcalling or receiving calls may be displayed through caller ID; thehandset may send location automatically when dialing 911 and otheremergency services; the person may be located through interfaces, i.e.,a system web site or a CMC, etc. This application would be especiallyuseful to fleet managers, sales representatives, real estate brokers,etc. The Device could be used to enhance handset features todifferentiate a manufacturer's product offerings. Manufacturers mayoffer “location ID” service for free or optional for an additionalcharge. Potential customers would include wireless manufacturers.

Truck and Fleet Tracking

In this application of the invention, an after market installation of atracking Device in trucks comprising a GPS receiver and a transceiver.The technology may be scalable “horizontally” and also integrated topossible vertical applications. The Device could be used to locatetrucks at all times. This application could assist fleet owners andmanufacturers to improve logistics management. Many “vertical”applications can be employed, i.e., improving real-time routingdecisions, just-in-time production applications, and deliveryscheduling. Potential customers would include fleet owners,manufacturers, distribution companies, utilities, other businesses, andthe government.

In the foregoing descriptions, the method and the system of the presentinvention have been described with reference to specific embodiments. Itis to be understood and expected that variations in the principles ofthe method and the system herein disclosed may be made by one ofordinary skill in the art and it is intended that such modifications,changes, and substitutions are to be included within the scope of thepresent invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specificationand the drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative,rather than in a restrictive sense.

Utility/Methods of Operation

Further methods of operating the device are described below with respectto certain design specific applications for certain devices of thepresent invention. The applications for such a device are widespread andlimitless. A number of representative examples of systems embodying thedevice of the present invention are detailed below. Although the devicesof the present invention are generally applicable to systems and methodsfor remote monitoring, locating and/or responding, the followingembodiments according to the present invention contemplate specificapplications which should not be interpreted to limit in any way thescope of the device of the present invention.

Student Monitoring System

This particular application is directed at locating, monitoring and/ortracking children. In particular, this application is directed atlocating, monitoring and/or tracking children as they enter and exit aspecially equipped school bus. The basic components of the system aredepicted in FIG. 10.

As seen in FIG. 10, the system comprises a school bus 1140 having anentrance or door 1160 that is equipped with an RF receiver 1380. The busalso has a receiving/transmitting device 1120 mounted or otherwiseinstalled thereon. Device 1120 comprises a wireless positioning receiver400, such as a GPS receiver, and a wireless transceiver 1420.

In this particular application, a student or child 1180 is equipped withor otherwise provided a RFID 1200. RFID 1200 is programmed to uniquelyidentify the child 1180 in a manner known in the art. RFID's are wellknown in the art and are commercially available from a number ofcompanies, such as Knogo Corp. or its successor Video SentryCorporation. As the child 1180 enters bus 1140, RF receiver 1380interrogates RFID 1200 in a manner known in the art, thus identifyingthat child 1180 has entered bus 1140. This information is thentransmitted to or is otherwise available to device 1120. The time thatchild 1180 enters the bus is also stored by or otherwise available todevice 1120. The time data can be gathered from the GPS receiver, can bedetermined by other on board clock systems, or in any other manner knownin the art. In any event, the system determines that child 1180 hasentered the bus 1140 and stores this information together with the timethe child 1180 entered. The system also monitors whether or not thechild exits bus 1140 and, if so, logs the fact and the time that thechild leaves bus 1140. This information is also stored by or otherwiseaccessible to device 1120. In a preferred embodiment, the driver 1240 ofbus 1140 is also equipped or otherwise provided with an RFID 1260. Datafrom RFID 1260 is transmitted to or otherwise accessible to device 1120so that the system can track or determine who is driving bus 1140 at anytime.

Device 1120 is in two-way wireless communication with ApplicationService Provider (ASP) 280. The two-way communication between device1120 and ASP 1280 may occur, for example, via ground stations (notshown). ASP 1280 is in two-way communication with a computer network,such as the Internet 1300. Internet 1300 is in two-way communicationwith a number of individual networks, computers or other devices, suchas school 320, individual parents 1340, and a parking garage 1360. Thecommunications between the various systems, i.e., ASP 280, Internet1300, school 1320, parents 1340 and garage 1360 can be wireless ordirect connection as a matter of application specific design choice. Inany event, the various systems can access and communicate with ASP 1280and, in turn, with device 1120 on bus 1140.

The basic operation of the system will now be described. As student 1180enters bus 1140, RF receiver 1380 interrogates RFID 1200, thusidentifying that student 1180 has entered bus 1140. The system logs inor otherwise stores the fact that student 1180 has entered the bus andalso logs in or otherwise stores the time and, in a preferredembodiment, the particular location at which student 1180 entered bus1140, which can be determined from the GPS signal. The system alsoidentifies the driver 1240 of bus 1140. This information, e.g., when andwhere student 1180 entered the bus, and who is driving bus 1140, isstored or otherwise accessible to device 1120 and is capable of beingtransmitted wirelessly to ASP 280 by transceiver 420 of device 1120. Ina preferred embodiment, RFID 1200 and/or student 1180 may also beprovided a sensor, such as a temperature sensor, to confirm whether theRFID is physically on student 1180. This sensor information would alsobe transmitted to or otherwise accessible to device 1120 and ASP 1280.

This information can be transmitted to ASP 1280 either for example,periodically, by request of an end user, by request of driver 1240 or inthe case of an emergency (e.g., triggered upon the deployment of airbags or other collision sensors on bus 1140). Other data is alsoavailable to ASP 1280, such as, for example, the location of bus 1140,its speed, and any other measured or determined condition within the bussuch as temperature, humidity, etc.

It is desirable for parents and/or authorized school officials to beable to track or monitor when and where various students go on or offthe bus. The system of the present invention provides such a means. Forexample, a parent 1340 of child 1180, who has been given an appropriatepassword or other security device, can log on to the ASP 280 via acomputer network, such as the Internet 1300. Parent 1340 can, in realtime, determine whether their child 1180 has entered bus 1140 and wherethis occurred. Parent 340 can also determine whether and where theirchild 1180 got off bus 1140. Parent 340 can also confirm, via sensordata, whether child 1180 is still wearing or otherwise in possession ofRFID 200. Parent 340 can also send requests to ASP 1280. That is, forexample, if parent 1340 confirmed that child was on bus 1140 asdescribed above, but wished to know where bus 1140 was at thatparticular moment, parent 340 could request such information via ASP1280. Such information could be derived from the GPS data received bydevice 1120 and transmitted to ASP 280. Such capabilities would also beavailable to authorized school officials at school 1320. Of course,various security precautions would need to be incorporated in the systemto ensure that only authorized individuals have access to such personalinformation. In any event, the system of the present invention willbring great peace of mind to parents and school officials as aconvenient and inexpensive system for tracking and locating students ina real time fashion.

The system also provides for additional benefits for the school system.For example, when the bus 1140 returns to the parking garage 1360, thevarious data can be analyzed to confirm that every student that got onthe bus also got off the bus. If a child happened to be lost, the schoolcould check the records to confirm whether, where and when the child goton and/or off the bus. The school could also monitor the driving patternof the driver 1240 by checking or monitoring, for example, the speed ofbus 1140 over the driver's route that day. Detailed reports could beautomatically generated by using the various data gathered and stored bythe system described above.

Various modifications, additions or substitutions of the componentsdescribed above could be made without departing from the spirit of theinvention described above. For example, while the system has beendescribed as a system for monitoring children on a school bus, thesystem would work equally well as a system for monitoring the entry andexit of any individual or other object that enters and exits a confinedarea, such as, for example, tourists on a bus trip, inmates travelingbetween two locations, packages shipped between two locations, etc.

Food Quality Monitoring System

This particular application is directed at locating, monitoring and/ortracking food. In particular, this application is directed at locating,monitoring and/or tracking food as it is in transit. The basiccomponents of the system are depicted in FIG. 11.

As seen in FIG. 11, the system comprises a truck or other food container2140 having a food item 2180 therein. The truck is equipped with areceiving/transmitting device 2120 mounted or otherwise installedthereon. In this particular application, device 2120 comprises awireless positioning receiver 2400, such as a GPS receiver, a wirelesstransceiver 2420 and a sensor 2440. Sensor 2440 may be any type ofsensor applicable to measuring, tracking or confirming a parameterrelated to the quality of food item 2180 such as, for example, atemperature sensor, humidity sensor or gas sensor to name a few. Sensor2440 is coupled to, transmits or otherwise makes such data available todevice 2120, and in particular, transceiver 2420 of device 2120.

Device 2120 is in two-way wireless communication with a base or groundstation 2200, which is in turn in two-way communication with anApplication Service Provider (ASP) 2280. ASP 2280 is in two-waycommunication with a computer network, such as the Internet 2300.Internet 2300 is in two-way communication with a number of individualnetworks, computers or other devices, such as, for example,transportation company 1320, food producer 1340, customer 1360 or agovernment agency 2380, to name a few. The communications between thevarious systems, i.e., transportation company 1320, food producer 1340,customer 1360 or a government agency 2380 can be wireless or directconnection as a matter of application specific design choice. In anyevent, the various systems can access and communicate with ASP 2280 and,in turn, with device 2120 on truck 2140.

The basic operation of the system will now be described. As food item2180 is placed on a truck 2140 or other shipping container. A device2120 is placed on or near food item 2180. The actual physical locationof device 2120 in relation to food item 2180 is immaterial, so long assensor 2440 of device 2120 can adequately monitor the desired parameterof food item 2180. Sensor 2440 gathers or otherwise determines sensordata relating to the parameter to be monitored. This sensor data isstored by, or is otherwise accessible to, device 2120 and, inparticular, transceiver 2420. GPS receiver 2400 receives data from GPSsatellite 2100. The GPS data, as well as the sensor data, is availableto transceiver 2420 for wireless transmission to ground station 2200.Ground station 2200 in turn makes this information available to ASP 2280and to Internet 2300, upon which such information is available toauthorized end users.

The information can be transmitted to ASP 2280 either, for example,periodically, by request of an end user, or by request of the driver oroperator of truck 2140, to name a few Other data is also available toASP 2280, such as, for example, the location of truck 2140, its speed,distance traveled, time since departure, time to arrival, etc.

It is desirable for various end users and/or authorized officials to beable to track or monitor the safety and/or quality conditions of food intransit. The system of the present invention provides such a means. Forexample, a customer 2360 of food item 2180, who has been given anappropriate password or other security device, can log on to the ASP2280 via a computer network, such as the Internet 2300. Customer 2360can, in real time, determine where their food shipment is in transit,can check or monitor the condition or quality of the food item intransit, can monitor the distance traveled by the food item, and canestimate, in real time, the time of arrival of the food item. Thetransportation company 2320 can similarly monitor the quality of thefood item, track the amount of time the truck and/or driver have been intransit, monitor the speed the truck is or has been traveling at, andestimate, in real time, when the truck should arrive at the customerslocation. Similarly, the food producer 1340 can monitor the quality ofthe food in transit should a dispute arise with either the customer 2360or the transportation company 2320 or others. In fact, the system willpermit each party to document the quality of the food item at each stagein the delivery process. Such documentation may serve as a “Stamp ofApproval” that the food item was maintained in a safe condition while inits possession. Finally, an appropriate government agency 2380 can alsomonitor, in real time, the quality of the nation's food supply, as wellas monitoring the time the particular driver and/or vehicle have been intransit should any problems or accidents occur. In any event, each ofthe parties involved can monitor the quality of the food item, in realtime, while it is in transit.

Various modifications, additions or substitutions of the componentsdescribed above could be made without departing from the spirit of theinvention described above. For example, while the system has beendescribed as a system for monitoring food on a truck, the system wouldwork equally well as a system for monitoring the quality of food on atrain or plane. Similarly, the system could monitor various parametersthat might be important to the shippers of various valuable items suchas artwork, where the humidity and temperature within the container maybe important factors.

Sleep Monitoring System

Yet another exemplary application of the systems described hereinrelates to monitoring the wake and sleep states of individuals. Such anapplication will now be described with reference to FIG. 12. As showntherein, individuals, such as operators of automobiles and machinery,infants, or individuals with sleeping disorders wear EEG sensors. Theoutput from the EEG sensor is coupled to the portable unit by any of thenumber of means. The portable unit, in turn, transmits the output fromthe EEG Sensor to an antenna and to the ASP computer system.

The ASP is able to determine whether the individual wearing the sensoris in a wake state or sleep state based on analysis of the EEG sensoroutput. As described in Alberto, Claude, et al. “The Quantification ofSleep and Wakefulness in 2 Second Epochs of EEG”, and Alberto, Claude etal., “Computerized Quantification of Sleep and Wakefulness in the EEG”,available from the Sleep Disorders Center, Winthrop Hospital and SUNYHealth Sciences Center at Stony Brook, Mineola, N.Y., both of which areincorporated by reference herein, a function of the value of the EEGsensor output corresponds to the state of the individual. As describedin the Alberto references cited above, a positive output indicates theindividual being in a wake state, and a negative value indicates theindividual being in a sleep state. Thus, the ASP includes a programmedcomputer that calculates the relevant function of EEG signal andmonitors the function of the EEG signal for the transition betweenpositive and negative values, a transition which typically occurs over afew minutes.

Upon detecting the transition from the wake state to the sleep state,the ASP provides feedback to the portable unit which, in the presentembodiment, includes a waking device, such as an audible alarm, visualalarm, tactile alarm, such as an electronic shock, and the like.

In addition, the ASP makes the EEG signal available to end users via asecure website on the Internet. The ASP also provides the analysis ofthe EEG signal on the website, including information on whether theindividual is awake or asleep, historical data concerning the EEGsignal, frequency information concerning the EEG signal and the like.

The end-users may include any of a number of individuals and entities.For example, the wearer himself may choose to periodically access theASP website to view information concerning his EEG signal patterns. Thewearer's doctor or physician may also have access to the website forfurther analyzing the EEG signals. Such further analysis by a physicianis particularly useful where the individual wearing the device has asleeping disorder or where the individual is an infant at risk forsudden infant death syndrome.

And yet another embodiment, other present invention, the physician isgiven control over the type of feedback supplied to the wearer. Forexample, based on the individual's EEG pattern, the physician may selectactivation of the waking device at regular intervals or at particulartimes in the day.

It is to be understood that the analysis performed by the ASP may, inalternate embodiments, be performed or partly performed by the portableunit. For example, the portable unit may include a microprocessorprogrammed to detect the transition between the positive EEG signal andnegative EEG signal and, based thereon, transmit a signal to the ASP. Inyet another embodiment, the portable unit not only senses the transitionbetween the wake state and sleep state, but also automatically provideswaking stimulus via a waking device.

Waste Monitoring System

Yet another application of the system described herein involvesmonitoring hazardous waste, and will be described with reference FIG.13.

As shown in FIG. 13, the system may be applied to monitor the positionof hazardous waste such as that contained within mobile or stationarycontainers or landfills and the like. More specifically, portabledevices may be affixed to drums carrying waste, and may include sensorsboth external to and internal to the drum. External sensors may detectseepage of the waste outside of the drum, and sensors located within thedrum may detect seepage of ambient conditions into the drum; eithercondition identifying leakage. Furthermore, where the waste containersare mobile, the portable units include location tracking components,such as GPS receivers described above. It is to be understood that theparticular type of sensors used depends upon the waste being monitored,and they include sensors for detecting particular chemicals, gases,radioactivity and the like.

The positioning information and the output from the sensors aretransmitted to the ASP via an antenna. The ASP, in turn, monitors theposition and sensor outputs. In one embodiment, the ASP makes suchposition and sensor information available on a secure website via theInternet. Potential end-users having access to such website may includeLocal and Federal Regulatory Agencies, residents and other end-users.

The ASP may also perform various analysis on the location informationand sensor information. For example, the ASP may have stored in memorycertain thresholds, the occurrence of which causes the ASP to send analarm to anyone of the end-users. With regard to location, the ASP maydetermine whether the waste is within or without of a certainjurisdiction. For example, a state government may hire the ASP to trackwaste to ensure that it does not leave the State without approval;conversely, a particular State may hire the ASP to notify it in theevent any waste enters the State. In short, the ASP can track any typeof movement of the waste and notify any end-user of such movement. Withregard to sensor output, the ASP may determine whether there is leakagefrom any container and whether such a leakage is above a limit set by,for example, a Federal Agency. In the event there is a leakage above aparticular threshold, the ASP could automatically contact and dispatchto a particular location a containment and clean-up crew.

Also as illustrated in the figure, portable units may be disbursed inand around a landfill or other stationary containment area. In such anembodiment, the portable units would include sensors both above andbelow ground. Furthermore, the portable units may include identificationmeans such as flags, lights, automobile sounds, and the like. In such anembodiment, the ASP may monitor the location of the portable units andsensor outputs to determine whether unauthorized waste has beendeposited, whether unacceptable seepage of contaminants has occurred,and the like. In one embodiment, the ASP installs portable units andsensors adjacent a private residence, including in or near the residencewater supply, and on behalf of such resident monitors for anycontaminants. As with the previously described device, the ASP may makemonitors information available via the Internet or other device and maynotify any predetermined individual or entity upon the detection of agiven level of contaminant.

In any of the foregoing waste monitoring systems, the ASP may identifywhich device and sensor(s) detects the alarm condition, note thedevice's location (which is provided to the end user), and preferablyactivates an audible, visual or other location beacon on the device.Such activation is achieved by the ASP transmitting an interrogationsignal having modulated in it the ID of the particular device. Thedevice, in turn, receives the interrogation signal and, based on locallogic, determines that the modulated ID matches the device's stored IDand activates the beacon.

Guiding/Training System

In yet another embodiment the system described herein may be used toprovide feedback to a user for the general purposes of guiding, trainingand protecting the user. As illustrated in the schematic of FIG. 14, atourist, jogger or other traveling individual has a portable unitaccording to the present invention, including one or more sensors, suchas know sensors for reading pulse rate, temperature, blood oxygen, andthe like, and a feedback device, such as a pair of headphones, digitaldisplay, and the like, both of which are coupled to the portable unit.As described above, the portable unit also includes location trackingcircuitry.

In operation, the ASP continuously or periodically receives locationtracking information and sensor outputs, thereby tracking the user'slocation and various biological variables. Having received suchinformation, the ASP preferably stores the information and makes itavailable to users via a secure web site on the Internet. In analternate embodiments, the ASP communicates with the end users via anyof a number of communication paths, including LAN, WAN, voice/cellular,and the like. More specifically, the ASP preferably provides bothreal-time location and sensor data, as well as historical information,such as average speed (based on change in location over time), averagepulse, average blood oxygen content, and other data available from thesensors and location. Such averages may be taken over various timeperiods, such as months, days, hours, etc., or taken over discreteevents, such as a runner's training interval, or over the time periodthe user is in a particular location.

The ASP may further perform certain analysis on the received locationand sensor data and make such analysis available via the web site. Thisanalysis, preferably performed by software running on a general purposecomputer, may include comparing the location and sensor data topredefined thresholds. In one such embodiment, the ASP compares actuallocation and time data to predetermined location and time data, therebydetermining whether the user is “behind” or “ahead of schedule”. Suchinformation may be particularly useful to delivery services and athletestraining. Another analysis performed by the ASP includes determiningwhether the location and/or sensor data exceeds a predeterminedthreshold, is within a certain range, and the like. For example, the ASPmay determine whether a runner training for a race maintains her heartrate within a certain range or maintains her blood glucose level withina certain range.

As noted above, the system of the present embodiment further includes afeedback device. Accordingly, any of the information received by theASP, derived by the ASP, or stored by the ASP may be transmitted back tothe user via cellular or other communication means and received by thefeedback device. In one embodiment the user is a jogger and the feedbackis information relevant to training, such as actual speed, heart rate,blood sugar level as compared to optimum or predetermined levels isprovided via the earphones. In another embodiment, the feedbackcomprises information pertinent to location and the user's surroundings.In such an embodiment, the ASP maintains a database of sites ofinterest, such as tourist attractions, restaurants, museums, and thelike, and automatically provides the user with such information based onuser preferences and/or user location. More specifically, the ASP'scomputer system is programmed to track user location, retrieve frommemory indications of the user's preferences, retrieve storedinformation pertaining to all sites, filter the information according tothe user's preferences and provide the resulting information to theuser. The information provided to the user may be in any of a number offorms, including voice via the earphones (such as “the nearest Americanfood restaurant is two blocks west”), and via the digital display,including a map of the user's then current surroundings with points ofinterest highlighted. In short, any type of information may be stored bythe ASP and provided to the user.

Other design specific applications and devices are set forth in theaccompanying materials, the details of which will be apparent to one ofskill in the art upon reading and understanding the accompanyingmaterials.

Trans-Oceanic Cargo Tracking

An alternate embodiment is directed at tracking shipping containers. Thedevice can be used to a) determine what containers are on board a shipb) receive position information from the GPS satellites c) transmit thedata collected wirelessly to an ASP which is connected to a computernetwork, such as the Internet, from which the end user can access theinformation.

The device generally comprises: a Radio Frequency Identifier (RFID)reader which includes an antenna or coil, a transceiver and decoder; aGPS receiver, and a wireless transceiver. Another important aspect ofthe invention is the RFID tag, which is placed on or in each shippingcontainer being tracked and has a preferably unique ID code. These tagsalso preferably contain information unique to each container. Theinformation programmed in the tag may differ. One option is to storeunique numbers identifying the container and have the shipping companykeep inventory on what is in which container. Another is to store detailon what is being shipped. It would be more efficient to use the priormethod and reuse the containers or tags, rather than using them once orusing re-writeable tags that would be more costly.

Although not essential, the device could include a power source or havefeatures to connect to a power source in order to power the componentsof the device. A strong electromagnetic field would be needed to reachall the containers on the ship. Since the power needed is proportionalto the strength of the electromagnetic field being generated, anexternal source of power would probably be preferred.

The basic operation of the device will now be described. A tagprogrammed with unique information is placed in, on or built intoshipping containers. The device is somewhere on the ship, preferably onthe deck, since GPS signals are hindered by obstacles. If the device hasan internal power source, it could stand alone, but if not, it must beconnected to a power source. The GPS receiver receives position datafrom the GPS satellites. The antenna or coil in the reader creates anelectromagnetic field. The tag detects the reader's activation signal.Reader decides the data encoded in the tag. Transceiver transmits thedata collected (position data and data from tag) to the cellularsatellite. Cellular satellite transmits the data to ASP. End user canaccess information regarding the location of the shipment via Internet.

The electromagnetic field can be constantly present, but that would be awaste of power. It can be created upon demand, i.e. have it activated bysomeone at ASP. Another option is for it to be created periodically. Theproblem with making it periodic is the fact that the end user will notknow in real time where his shipment is. There would be lapses when theexact location is unobtainable. If the electromagnetic field is createdwhen prompted, anyone can locate his shipment at any time.

Other applications, as well as a more detailed description of thevarious components of the system, are provided below.

The device can be placed near or on the surface of the object (eitherabove or below ground), or can be placed within or beneath the surfaceof the object. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, thedevice is adapted to be placed proximate the object. However, otherconfigurations and placements are envisioned as a matter of designspecific applications.

Various wireless transceivers are commercially available, for example,Axiom's FMS-21000 analog system. While in a preferred embodiment thedevice of the subject application receives and transmits datawirelessly, as a matter of application specific design parameters, suchdata transfer may be accomplished via a direct wire-to-wire connection.

The term sensor as used herein includes any number of commerciallyavailable sensors on the market, including for example, biosensors,magnetic sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, pH sensors, airquality sensors, radioactive sensors, and mechanical sensors, to name afew.

The device of the present invention may also include a power source,such as a solar powered self-charging battery, a multi-channel A/Dconverter, and a microprocessor. The battery can be used to power thevarious components of the device such as the GPS receiver and themicroprocessor. The A/D converter can be used to convert the sensor datafor transmission by the transceiver, and can also be used to convertdata receiver from the transceiver to the sensor. The microprocessor maybe, for example, a MEM or ASIC based DSP, for storing the sensor dataand/or the position data for transmitting by the transceiver.

It is to be understood that the foregoing embodiments may utilize anynumber of different antennae. It is preferable that the antennae used inthe foregoing embodiments efficiently and effectively receive thelocation signals, such as GPS signals, and receive and transmit thewireless communication signals, such as cellular telephony signals,without interfering with one another. Furthermore, it has been foundthat effective antenna designs are those capable of receiving a widefrequency band, providing for a high level of magnetic fluxconcentration, and providing for a low capacitance to enable easytuning.

A preferred basic operation of the device will now be described. Thereceiver on the device is in one-way communication with the GPSsatellite system and receives position data from the GPS satellites. Thesensor receives data regarding a particular parameter of the objectwished to be monitored. The position data and the sensor data are sentor are otherwise available to the transceiver for transmission to acomputer or base station. While in a preferred embodiment the device ofthe subject application receives and transmits data wirelessly, as amatter of application specific design parameters, such data transfer maybe accomplished via a direct wire-to-wire connection.

The base station wirelessly transmits an interrogation signal to thedevice, with which the base station is in two-way wirelesscommunication. In response to the interrogation signal, the devicewirelessly transmits information relating to the physical location(position data) and/or the parameter of the object being monitored(sensor data). Further information can be sent that is stored in thedevice such as, for example, identifying object information. The basestation sends information relating to information received from thedevice to a central unit. The information received by the central unitcan ultimately be stored, displayed, printed, processed or sent to othercentral units in a network or the Internet, for example.

The central unit, which may be located in a monitoring center, forexample, may make the request for information periodically oraperiodically, for example, by a manual intervention or a commandtriggered by a particular circumstance. Furthermore, the central unitmay be in wire-to-wire or wireless communication with the base station.While a preferred embodiment of the subject invention envisions transferof data from the device to a base station and then to a central unit,such transfer may be directly to a computer, control room or othercentral unit type of device as a matter of application specific designchoice.

In light of the information received by the control center, anautomatic, semi-automatic or manual response may be needed. For example,upon reviewing the information received by the control center, atechnician may authorize the irrigation of a tree (or group of trees) orother plant or object being monitored. Alternatively, after analyzingthe information received by the control center, a program being run bythe control center may ascertain a particular condition and authorizeirrigation to that location automatically. The control center may alsoperform various analysis on the location information and sensorinformation. For example, the control center may have stored in memorycertain thresholds, the occurrence of which causes the control center tosend an alarm to anyone of the end-users or to automatically irrigatethe object.

In another embodiment according to the present invention, the device,without the receipt of the interrogation signal from the base station,periodically sends information to the base station. Information relatingto the received information is sent by the base station to the centralunit. In yet another embodiment according to the present invention, thedevice sends information to the base station in response to a particularcircumstance monitored by the device.

The processing of data relating to, for example, the physical locationand/or the parameters of the object being monitored may occur either inthe device, the base station, the central unit or some combinationthereof. For example, the device may receive position data from the GPS.The data may be processed by the device itself before sending thecalculated physical location to the base station. Alternatively, theposition data received by the device may be sent to the base station,which processes the information and calculates the physical location ofthe object, the calculated physical location of the object being sent tothe central unit. In yet another alternative, the position data is sentto the device which sends the information to the base station which, inturn, sends the information to the central unit. In this embodiment, thecentral unit processes the position data and calculates the physicallocation of the object. Furthermore, the present invention contemplatesa distributed processing scheme in which part of the processing of theinformation received by the device is processed, in part, by acombination of the device, the base station and/or the central unit.Finally, the device may be preprogrammed with the location data or maybe preprogrammed with an identifying characteristic to permit thecentral computer to determine its location without the need of or incombination with the GPS data.

Micro-Irrigation System

The embodiment of FIG. 15 provides a device for remotely monitoring anenvironmental parameter indicative or whether an object, such as anolive tree, needs irrigation or fertilization. By way of non-limitingexamples, such an environmental parameters may be the water content,humidity, temperature or pH of the soil or air proximate a tree. Thedevice is placed proximate the tree. The device comprises a) a receiverfor receiving position data from the GPS, b) a sensor(s) for measuringor otherwise determining the environmental parameter, and c) atransmitter for transmitting the position data and parameter data to acentral unit, such as a computer, a control station, a base station or aground station. A user can access this information to determine whetherthat particular tree needs watering or fertilizer. Further, the deviceof the present invention may also be part of a system for providingautomatic irrigation of the tree. That is, the device can beincorporated into an overall irrigation system for providing automaticand precise micro-irrigation of isolated plants and/or areas. Forexample, the device can be used to determine if a particular tree needswater. If so, the device can transmit this information to a centrallocation wirelessly (or by direct wire-to-wire connection). The devicecould also transmit the precise location of the tree via the GPS datareceived by the device. Thus, at the central location or controlstation, the user would know whether the tree needs to be irrigated, andwould also know the precise location of the tree. The user could thenirrigate that particular tree, and no others, thus saving valuable waterresources. The system could also be programmed to automatically irrigatethe tree without user input.

The device may be incorporated into a system for monitoring theirrigation requirements for a plant, tree or other object requiringperiodic or aperiodic irrigation, for example, as set forth in thesystem database. More specifically, a device may be positioned proximatea tree, and may include sensor(s) for detecting a condition or series ofconditions which indicate that irrigation (or fertilization) or the treeor a group of trees is required. It is to be understood that theparticular type of sensor(s) used depends upon the particular conditionbeing monitored, and includes, for example, sensors for detectingtemperature, humidity, pH and the like. The sensor(s) may be locatedabove or below ground. The device may also include location trackingcomponents, such as GPS receiver as described above or the device may bepreprogrammed with the location data or may be preprogrammed with anidentifying characteristic to permit the central computer to determineits location without the need of or in combination with the GPS data.

The positioning information and the output from the sensors aretransmitted to a control center wirelessly via an antenna or in a directwire-to-wire connection (not shown). The control center, in turn,monitors or otherwise determines the position of the device and monitorsor otherwise determines the sensor outputs to monitor the desiredenvironmental parameter.

A specific application of the system will now be described. Device Amonitors the environmental parameter(s) proximate tree A, and thisinformation is transmitted wirelessly to the control center. The controlcenter can determine which particular tree is being monitored either byreceiving the GPS data from device A or by receiving an identificationcode or other preprogrammed data from device A identifying device A asbeing proximate tree A. The devices may also include identificationmeans such as flags, lights, automobile sounds, and the like. If thecontrol center determines that tree A is in need of irrigation, then thecontrol center can automatically open remote control valve A to irrigatetree A. Of course the system may also be operated manually whereby atechnician is instructed or otherwise advised that tree A needsattention whereby the technician manually opens remote control valve A.The system can be adapted to irrigate tree A for a certain amount oftime or to deliver a certain amount of water depending on the parameterdata received from device A either alone or in conjunction with otherdata received by or programmed into the control center.

If control center determines that trees A and D, for example, needirrigation, then the control center may open up both remote valves A andD. Similarly, if the control center determines that all the trees in theentire area 11 need irrigation, then the control center can open up areacontrol valve 11 to irrigate trees A, B, C and D. The control center cansimilarly open area control valves 12 and 13 to irrigate areas 12 and 3(not shown). Thus, the system of the present invention provides formicro-irrigation of the trees, thus saving valuable water resources. Thesystem can also save valuable manual resources by providing for theautomatic monitoring and irrigation of individual trees and/or areas.

The following exemplary applications detail further aspects andapplications for the various embodiments of the devices and supportsystems described above. One of skill in the art, upon reading andunderstanding the invention described herein, will envision how thedevices and support networks described herein can be applied, modifiedadded to, subtracted from or substituted to operate in connection withthe specific applications described below.

Access Clearance

A wrist watch-like device comprising a wireless transceiver thatactivates when approaching a local receiver, transmits a stored ID to aground station and stores information received from station for futureaccess applications. Ground station grants access or releases items, andrecords ID time, and location for future data mining purposes. It couldbe located and deactivated remotely if lost. The device would allowaccess only to authorized people, to automate and secure item pick ups,and to allow traffic data mining. All with greater security than a card.Potential customers would include business, government, schools anduniversities, hospitals, hotels, banks, retailers, amusement parks,stadiums/arenas, sports teams, performance halls, movie theaters, skiresorts, casinos, airlines.

Usage Clearance

A wrist watch-like device comprising a wireless transceiver thatactivates when approaching receiver-enabled equipment and transmitsstored-ID to equipment. Equipment allows use. The device could belocated and deactivated remotely if lost. The device could be used toallow equipment use only by authorized person by transmitting ID.Potential customers would include telecommunication companies, PCmakers, office equipment manufacturers, auto makers, firm armmanufacturers, and PDA manufacturers.

Payments

A Wrist watch-like device comprising a wireless transceiver thattransmits account information to receiver-enabled POS. If could belocated and deactivated remotely if lost. Potential customer wouldinclude financial institutions.

Alzheimer Patient Locator

A wrist watch-like device comprising a GPS receiver and wirelesstransceiver worn by person that needs to be located. Device will signallocation to ground station on demand from care taker. Caregiver willrequest information via web site or call center. The device could beused to locate a missing person instantly. Potential customers wouldinclude Alzheimer patient relatives or caregivers.

Visually Impaired Locator

A wrist watch-like device comprising a GPS receiver and wirelesstransceiver worn by the visually impaired to provide them with theirlocation information. Device will signal location to ground station ondemand from user. User will request information via call center. Thedevice could be used to let the blind know their location instantly.Potential customers would include visually impaired people

Parolee Monitor and Locator

A wrist watch-like device comprising a GPS receiver, wirelesstransceiver, and bio sensor worn by parolee. Device will signal locationto ground station on demand from law enforcement agency. Law enforcementagent will request information via web site or call center. If paroleeremoves device, the lack of vital signs will trigger a warning signal tothe law enforcement agency. The device could be used to locate paroleesinstantly without the risk of them removing the device. Potentialcustomers would include law enforcement agencies.

Children Locator and Monitor

A wrist watch-like device comprising a GPS receiver, wirelesstransceiver, and bio sensor worn by children. Device will signallocation and vital signs to ground station on demand from parents.Parents will request information via web site or call center. Devicewill send warning signal to station when no vital sign are recorded.Station will place call to parents. The device could be used to locatemissing children instantly. Potential customers would include parentsand grandparents or other relatives or authorized caregivers.

Kidnapping

A wrist watch-like device comprising a GPS receiver, wirelesstransceiver, and bio sensor wore by people at risk of being kidnapped.Device will signal location to ground station on demand from relativesand/or user. Relatives will request information via web site or callcenter. The device could be used to locate kidnapped people. Potentialcustomers would include high net-worth families.

Protection Forces Monitor and Locator

A wrist-watch like device comprising a GPS receiver, wirelesstransceiver, and bio sensor worn by agent that needs to be monitored andlocated. Device will signal location to ground station on demand fromheadquarters/camp. Headquarters will request information via web site orcall center. The device could be used to locate agent in dangerinstantly and read his/her vital signs remotely. Potential customerswould include protection agencies (FBI, CIA, police, fire department),and military (for soldiers, marines, pilots)

Women Safety Monitor and Locator

Wrist watch-like device comprising a GPS receiver, wireless transceiver,and bio sensor worn by woman in potential danger. Device will signallocation to ground station when vital signs show a pre-programmeddanger-like pattern. Local police department will be advised to rescueher immediately. The device could be used to send SOS signal to policedepartment when in danger and allow fast determination of location.Potential customers would include women age 20-60 and parents of 10-20year old girls.

Elder Monitor and Locator

A wrist watch-like device comprising a GPS receiver, wirelesstransceiver, and bio sensor worn by elderly. Device will signal locationto ground station on demand from care giver or when vital signs indicatethe need for emergency care. Care giver will request information via website or call center. Emergency signal will be sent to 911 station forambulance dispatch. The device could be used to allow emergency care andon-demand location. Potential customers would include relatives or caregivers of elderly people (assuming 70 years of age and older).

Extreme Sport Participants Monitor and Locator

A wrist watch-like device comprising a GPS receiver, wirelesstransceiver and bio sensor worn by extreme sport participants. Devicewill signal location to ground station on demand from relative/teammember or when vital signs indicate the need for emergency care.Relative/team member will request information via web site or callcenter. Emergency signal will be sent to 911 station for emergencydispatch. The device could be used to locate missing participantsinstantly and read vital signs remotely. Potential customers wouldinclude whitewater rafting, kayaking, mountain biking, rock/mountainclimbing, skydiving, and hand gliding participants.

Jogger Monitor

A wrist watch-like device comprising a wireless transceiver and biosensor worn by jogger that wants to monitor his/her vital signs whileexercising. Device will signal reading to ground station. Ground stationwill record information in database for later retrieval on-demand fromjogger, doctor or trainer via web site or call center. The device couldbe used to monitor vital signs while exercising to serve and replaceroutine effort tests and assist trainers. Potential customers includejoggers and/or distance runners, sports teams and/or trainers.

Heart Disease Patient Monitor and Locator

A wrist watch-like device comprising a GPS receiver, wirelesstransceiver, bio sensor, and ECG worn by person with heart disease.Device will signal location to ground station when vital signs indicatethe need for emergency care. Emergency signal will be sent to 911station for emergency dispatch and be provided to relative. Groundstation will record ECG results for future access by physician.Physician will access results via web site. The device could be used toallow emergency care and post event diagnosis. Potential customersinclude heart disease patients.

Respiratory Disease Patient Monitor and Locator

A wrist watch-like device comprising a GPS receiver, wirelesstransceiver and bio sensor wore by person with respiratory disease.Device will signal location to ground station when vital signs indicatethe need for emergency care. Emergency signal will be sent to 911station for emergency dispatch and to provided relative. The devicecould be used to allow opportune emergency care. Potential customersinclude respiratory disease patients.

Glucose Monitor

A wrist watch-like device comprising a wireless transceiver, glucosereader, and LC display that will read glucose levels, show reading indisplay, send it to ground station, and/or to insulin pump. The devicecould be used to increase frequency and reduce invasiveness of homeglucose testing. Potential customers include diabetes patients.

Domestic Pets and Livestock

As illustrated in FIG. 16, A wrist watch-size device comprising a GPSreceiver, transceiver, data storage, self-powered battery attached topet's neck. Pet owner may notify DA of lost pet via a call center or webpage. The call center agent will locate pet upon owner's request andinform the owner or may notify an agency that will bring the pet to theowner. The device could be used to locate pet upon owner's request. Thecall center agent will locate pet and inform the owner. DA may offerother related services, such as notifying an agency to physically locatethe pet and identifying pets if disputes arise. Potential customersinclude pet owners.

Similarly, a device comprising a GPS receiver, transceiver, datastorage, self-powered, and bio-sensors attached to monitor and identifycattle and pigs through the breeding/production chain up to theproduction facility. The device could be used to increase reach oftracking and identification systems to farms and production facilities.Provide additional opportunities for applications such as diseasecontrol, inventory management, track cattle and pigs in productionfacility to specific farms. Potential customers would include farmersand producers.

Endangered Species

A device comprising a GPS receiver, transceiver, data storage,self-powered, bio-sensors attached to mammals and other large animalsfor various research projects and to protect endangered species. Thedevice could be used to track migration routes for research purposes,track routes to prevent hunting, other research applications. Potentialcustomers include Government, wildlife federations, and universities.

Car Theft Recovery

An after market installed anti-theft/location type device comprising GPSreceiver, transceiver, and battery for car theft recovery. Car ownernotifies DA of lost car via a call center. The call center agent willlocate car upon owner's request and inform the police, or the police mayhave direct access to the application. The device could be used tolocate car upon owner's request and inform the police. DA device couldpotentially sell at a lower price than LoJack (currently selling atabout $650 per device). Additional services could be offered, i.e.medical alert, collision notification, remote open/close doors anddisabling the engine. Potential customers would include car owners andcar rental agencies or other fleet managers.

Valuables Tracking

A device comprising a GPS receiver, transceiver, and battery located onvaluable art pieces or place on merchandise mailings. Provide locationservices through a call center or web site. The device could be used tolocate art pieces and merchandise upon owner's request or throughrequest of a shipper. Potential customers would include shippingcompanies, art owners, museums, galleries, private security shippers,armored car transportation companies.

Wireless Telephone Headsets

Integrate a GPS receiver, transceiver device to a handset. Location ofperson calling or receiving calls may be displayed through caller ID;handset may send location automatically when dialing 911 and otheremergency services; person may be located through interfaces, i.e. acall center, web page, etc. Specially useful to fleet managers, salesrepresentatives, real estate brokers, etc. The device could be used toenhance handset features to differentiate manufacturers productofferings. Manufacturers may offer “location ID” service for free oroptional for an additional charge. Potential customers would includewireless manufacturers.

Luggage Tracking

As illustrated in FIG. 17, a wrist-watch size device comprising a GPSreceiver, transceiver, and data storage attached to bags at the checkingcounter and taken off after luggage claim. In the near term, the devicemay be used to locate lost luggage. In the long term, the device willhave to substitute for airlines current tracking system. The devicecould be used to substitute for current airlines luggage tracking andidentification systems, i.e., bar code system. In addition, to locatelost bags via GPS technology. Potential customers would include theairline companies.

Similarly, a wrist-watch size device comprising a GPS receiver,transceiver, data storage, and battery attached to luggage to locate bagupon owner's request. Device may be sold directly to passengers at theairport, through the web, or by mail. The device could be used to locatebag upon owner's request. Bag owners may request to locate bag via callcenter or web site. Call center may notify location of bag to airline.Potential customers would include passengers and luggage manufacturers

Truck and Fleet Tracking

An after market installation of a tracking device in trucks comprising aGPS receiver and a transceiver. Technology may be scalable“horizontally” and also integrated to possible vertical applications.The device could be used to locate trucks at all times. Help fleetowners and manufacturers to improve logistics management. Many“vertical” applications, i.e., improve real-time routing decisions, justin time production applications, delivery scheduling. Potentialcustomers would include fleet owners, manufacturers, distributioncompanies, utilities, other businesses, government.

In the foregoing description, the method and the system of the presentinvention have been described with reference to specific embodiments. Itis to be understood and expected that variations in the principles ofthe method and the system herein disclosed may be made by one ofordinary skill in the art and it is intended that such modifications,changes, and substitutions are to be included within the scope of thepresent invention as set forth in the appended claims. The specificationand the drawings are accordingly to be regarded in an illustrative,rather than in a restrictive sense.

1. A system comprising: a plurality of remote devices associated withthe objects, each remote device including: memory for storing an alertthreshold value; and one or more processors configured to receive dataand generate alerts by comparing the data to the alert threshold value;a plurality of user alert devices for receiving the alerts; a pluralityof user interface devices for receiving from the users indications ofthe alert threshold values; and an application service provider (ASP)for receiving the indication of the alert threshold values from the userinterface devices, the ASP including: a database for associating eachuser with a particular one of the remote devices and associating theparticular remote device to a particular alert threshold value andassociating the particular remote device to one or more of the pluralityof alert devices; and one or more processors configured to communicatethe particular alert threshold value to the particular remote device andto communicate alerts generated by the particular remote device to theparticular alert devices according to a priority.
 2. The system of claim1, wherein one or more of the user alert devices is from the followinggroup of devices: telephone, wireless device, computer, cellulartelephone and personal digital assistant.
 3. The system of claim 1,wherein the priority with respect to a user is a prioritized order ofuser alert devices.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the processor isconfigured to communicate the alert to a first user's alert device andfollowing an amount of time, to communicate the alert to a next alertdevice in the prioritized order.
 5. The system of claim 3, wherein theprocessor is configured to communicate the alert simultaneously to oneor more of the prioritized alert devices.
 6. The system of claim 1,wherein the priority with regard to a remote device includes aprioritized order of a first user's alert device and a second user'salert device.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the first user's alertdevice is a different type than the second user's alert device.
 8. Thesystem of claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to communicatethe alert to the first user's alert device and following an amount oftime, to communicate the alert to the second user's alert device.
 9. Thesystem of claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to communicatethe alert simultaneously to the first user's alert device and the seconduser's alert device.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein one or more ofthe user interface devices is from the following group of devices:telephone, wireless device, computer, cellular telephone and personaldigital assistant.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein one or more of thealerts is from the following group of alerts, telephone call, electronicmail message, electronic text message, voice message and a messagetransmitted to a call management center.
 12. The system of claim 1,wherein one or more of the alert threshold values is from the followinggroup of values: geographical boundary, geographical distance, speed,and time.
 13. A system for receiving localizing data from remote devicesand communicating alerts to users having to user alert devices, thesystem comprising: a database for associating one or more user alertdevices with a particular one of the remote devices, associating theparticular one of the remote devices to a particular alert thresholdvalue and to a particular one of the alert devices, and for storing thelocalizing data received from the particular one of the remote devices;a communications link with the user alert devices for communicatingalerts; one or more processors configured to compare the localizing datareceived from the particular one of the remote devices to the particularalert threshold value and to generate an alert in response to thecomparing and initiating communication of the alert to one or more alertdevices in accordance with a priority.
 14. The system of claim 13,wherein the priority with respect to a user is a prioritized order ofuser alert devices.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein the processor isconfigured to communicate the alert to a first alert device of a firstuser and following an amount of time, to communicate the alert to asecond alert device of the first user according to the prioritizedorder.
 16. The system of claim 14, wherein the processor is configuredto communicate the alert simultaneously to one or more of theprioritized alert devices.
 17. The system of claim 13, wherein thepriority with regard to a remote device includes a prioritized order ofa first user's first alert device and a second user's alert device. 18.The system of claim 17 wherein the first user's alert device is adifferent type than the second user's alert device.
 19. The system ofclaim 17, wherein the processor is configured to communicate the alertto the first user's alert device and following an amount of time, tocommunicate the alert to the second user's alert device.
 20. The systemof claim 17, wherein the processor is configured to communicate thealert simultaneously to the first user's alert device and the seconduser's alert device.
 21. The system of claim 13, further comprising asecond server for providing an interface between the one or more usersand the database to allow the one or more users access to the localizingdata.
 22. The system of claim 13, wherein the communications link isaccomplished via the web and/or via electronic mail.
 23. The system ofclaim 13, wherein one or more of the alerts is from the following groupof alerts: electronic mail message, voice mail message, telephone calland message transmitted to a call management center.
 24. The system ofclaim 13, wherein one or more of the alert devices is from the followinggroup of alert devices: telephone, wireless device, pager, computer,cellular telephone personal digital assistant other device capable ofreceiving electronic mail.
 25. The system of claim 13, wherein thelocalizing data is a Global Positioning System (GPS) signal.
 26. Amethod for providing an alert in response to an object being monitoredin a system for monitoring and tracking objects, the method comprising:receiving data from a remote device associated with the object beingmonitored; generating the alert based on analysis of the data;transmitting the alert to at least one alert device in accordance with apriority.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein receiving data from aremote device includes receiving data from a remote device associatedwith a human.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein transmitting the alertto at least one alert device in accordance with the priority includestransmitting the alert signal to a series of user alert devices used byone or more users.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the alert istransmitted to a first user's alert device, and then to a second user'salert device.
 30. The method of claim 28, wherein the transmitting ofalert signal in a prioritized order includes transmitting alerts to afirst user's first type of alert device, a first user's second type ofalert device, a second user's first type of alert device and a seconduser's second type of alert device.
 31. The method of claim 28, whereinthe alert signal is transmitted to a first user's first type of alertdevice, an amount of time passes and another alert signal is transmittedto the a second alert device, the second alert device being the nextalert device in the priority.
 32. The method of claim 28, wherein thealert signal is transmitted to a first user's first type of alertdevice, an after receiving feedback from the first user's first type ofalert device and another alert signal is transmitted to the a secondalert device, the second alert device being the next alert device in thepriority.
 33. The method of claim 28, wherein the alert signal istransmitted simultaneously to one or more of the series of alert devicesin the priority.
 34. The method of claim 28, further comprising the stepof updating the priority.
 35. The method of claim 26, wherein the alertsignal is transmitted in the form of one or more of the following groupof alert signal forms: electronic mail message, voice mail message,telephone call, message transmission to a call management center. 36.The method of claim 26, wherein the alert signal is transmitted to oneor more of the following group of alert devices: telephone, wirelessdevice, pager, computer, cellular telephone personal digital assistantother device capable of receiving electronic mail.